• Toxicological Research
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.83-91
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• 2019

Nanoparticles (NPs) have been recognized as both useful tools and potentially toxic materials in various industrial and medicinal fields. Previously, we found that zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs that are neurotoxic to human dopaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells are mediated by lipoxygenase (LOX), not cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Here, we examined whether human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are different from neuroblastoma cells, might exhibit COX-2- and/or LOX-dependent cytotoxicity of ZnO NPs. Additionally, changes in annexin V expression, caspase-3/7 activity, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) induced by ZnO NPs and ZnO were compared at 12 hr and 24 hr after exposure using flow cytometry. Cytotoxicity was measured based on lactate dehydrogenase activity and confirmed by trypan blue staining. Rescue studies were executed using zinc or iron chelators. ZnO NPs and ZnO showed similar dose-dependent and significant cytotoxic effects at concentrations ${\geq}15{\mu}g/mL$, in accordance with annexin V expression, caspase-3/7 activity, and MMP results. Human MSCs exhibited both COX-2 and LOX-mediated cytotoxicity after exposure to ZnO NPs, which was different from human neuroblastoma cells. Zinc and iron chelators significantly attenuated ZnO NPs-induced toxicity. Conclusively, these results suggest that ZnO NPs exhibit both COX-2- and LOX-mediated apoptosis by the participation of mitochondrial dysfunction in human MSC cultures.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.321-328
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• 2010

Twenty six compounds (1-26) were isolated from the root barks of Ulmus davidiana var. japonica. The anti-inflammatory activity of the isolated compounds were evaluated agai nst the generation of inflammatory chemical mediators in bone marrow-derived mast cells. Among them, compounds 10, 11, 13, 15 and 19 inhibited not only cyclooxygenase-2 dependent prostaglandin $D_2$ generation but also 5-lipoxygenase dependent leukotrien $C_4$ generation in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, compounds 11, 12, 13, 15 and 19 also inhibited $\beta$-hexosaminidase release, a marker of mast cell degranulation reaction, from bone marrow-derived mast cell. These results suggest that the anti-inflammatory activity of U. davidiana might in part occur by both the inhibition of eicosanoid generations and the degranulation reaction of mast cells.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.251-256
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• 2008

Eoyukjang is a traditional sauce-type of Korean food that is similar to a soybean sauce made from fermented soybeans, and it is produced from a fermented mixture of sea foods, meats, and meju (soybean paste). This study examined periodical changes in the enzymatic activities of ${\alpha}$-amylase, esterase, ${\beta}$-glucosidase, protease, lipase, and lipoxygenase within the culture broth and solids of eoyukjang during 1 year of fermentation. The eoyukjang solids had 234-532% higher protein content than the culture broth. The specific activities of ${\alpha}$-amylase, esterase, ${\beta}$-glucosidase, and protease increased in both the culture broth and solids. Particularly, in the culture broth, ${\alpha}$-amylase, esterase, ${\beta}$-glucosidase, and protease activities rapidly increased (3- to 8-fold) until 10 months of fermentation, and then drastically decreased. However, the activities of lipase and lipoxygenase in both the culture broth and solids were less than 0.05 unit/mg of protein, respectively, throughout fermentation; thus, their activity levels were low and changed little over the 12 months. Overall, while the solids had higher protein content than the culture broth, the broth had greater enzyme activity levels during eoyukjang preparation.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.194-199
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (t10c12-CLA) on the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) pathway in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). t10c12-CLA was treated with different concentrations in culture medium of LPS$na{\ddot{i}}ve$ and LPS-stimulated PBMCs. The mRNA expressions of prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$)-synthase, COX-2 and 5-LOX were measured using quantitative real-time PCR. In addition, the production levels of $PGE_2$ and 5-LOX in culture supernatant from PBMCs with or without LPS were assessed by ELISA. In LPS$na{\ddot{i}}ve$ PBMCs, treatment of t10c12-CLA significantly (p < 0.05) increased the mRNA expressions of PGE2 synthase and 5-LOX compared to vehicle control. Expression of COX-2 mRNA did not show significant difference compared to vehicle control by t10c12-CLA treatment in LPS$na{\ddot{i}}ve$ PBMCs. However, the addition of LPS in PBMCs markedly (p < 0.05) increased the mRNA expression of COX-2, $PGE_2$ synthase and 5-LOX, and also significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced the production of $PGE_2$ and 5-LOX relative to LPS$na{\ddot{i}}ve$ PBMCs, respectively. However, the addition of t10c12-CLA significantly (p < 0.01) suppressed the LPS-induced excessive expression of COX-2, $PGE_2$ synthase, and 5-LOX compared to those of PBMCs treated with LPS alone. The production levels of $PGE_2$ and 5-LOX in culture supernatant from LPS-stimulated PBMCs were also significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited by the treatment of t10c12-CLA compared to LPS alone. These results suggested that t10c12-CLA has an anti-inflammatory effect via dual inhibition of COX-2 and 5-LOX with gene expression and production level in LPS-stimulated porcine PBMCs. Therefore, it was thought that t10c12-CLA can attenuate the inflammatory response by down-regulation of eicosanoids production.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.9
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• pp.1126-1133
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• 2022

This study investigated the contribution of lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitors, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), tetra-O-methyl nordihydroguaiaretic acid (M₄N) and zileuton (ZIL), and thromboxane A2 (TXA₂) inhibitor 4,5-diphenylimidazole (DPI) in the proliferation of Brucella abortus infection. None of the compounds affected the uptake of Brucella into the macrophages. We determined the effect of neutralizing leukotriene B4 (LTB4) receptor and showed that the uptake of the bacteria was inhibited at 30 min post-infection. M₄N treatment attenuated intracellular survival of Brucella at 2 h post-incubation but it was not observed in the succeeding time points. DPI treatment showed reduced survival of Brucella at 24 h post-incubation while blocking LTB4 receptor was observed to have a lower intracellular growth at 48 h post-incubation suggesting different action of the inhibitors in the course of the survival of Brucella within the cells. Reduced proliferation of the bacteria in the spleens of mice was observed in animals treated with ZIL or DPI. Increased serum cytokine level of TNF-α and MCP-1 was observed in mice treated with M₄N or ZIL while a lower IFN-γ level in ZIL-treated mice and a higher IL-12 serum level in DPI-treated mice were observed at 7 d post-infection. At 14 d post-infection, ZIL-treated mice displayed reduced serum level of IL-12 and IL-10. Overall, inhibition of 5-LOX or TXA₂ or a combination therapy promises a potential alternative therapy against B. abortus infection. Furthermore, strong ligands for LTB4 receptor could also be a good candidate for the control of Brucella infection.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.10
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• pp.1629-1637
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• 2013

The properties of non-GM soybeans with lipoxygenase (LOX) free genotypes, such as Gaechuck#1 (black, LOX2,3-free), Gaechuck#2 (yellow, LOX2,3-free) and Jinyangkong (yellow, LOX1,2,3-free), were compared to Taekwangkong (yellow, LOX1,2,3-present) as control. Length and weight of soybeans were significantly longer in Gaechuck#1, but LOX free genotypes of yellow beans was smaller than Taekwangkong, in terms the size and weight. After soaking for 12 hr, increased ratios of soybean weight were 217.07~226.55%, and they were significantly higher in Gaechuck#2. The total color difference (${\Delta}E$) to Taekwangkong was the highest in Gaechuck#1, but another yellow soybean were similar. Crude lipids content was significantly higher in Taekwangkong (17.30%), and these LOX free genotypes (13.71~14.66%) did not show significant difference. Crude protein contents were significantly higher in Gaechuck#1 (34.79%) compared to the other soybeans (32.93~33.47%). Contents of glutamic acid among the detected composition amino acid were highest, and its total contents were highest in Gaechuck#1 (32.42 g/100 g), and the total content of Gaechuck#2 was similar to Taekwangkong. Contents of total isoflavone were higher in LOX free genotypes than Taekwangkong, especially significantly higher in Gaechuck#1 (1672.54 ${\mu}g/g$). Contents of total phenol were highest in Gaechuck#1 (276.91 mg/100 g), and flavonoids content of Gaechuck#1 (26.93 mg/100 g) was 2.6~2.8 times higher than the other samples. DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activities and reducing power were significantly higher in Gaechuck#1. The yield of soybean curd from tested samples was the highest in Gaechuck#2. Gaechuck#2 as LOX free genotypes was similar to Taekwangkong with regard to physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities. Therefore, we propose that Gaechuck#2 is a more suitable genotype for soybean curd products.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2006

Effects of root, stem and leaf extracts of Zanthoxylum piperitum on the inhibition of lipid peroxidation in the hepatic microsome of rat, DPPH radical scavenging activity, soybean lipoxygenase activity and activated partial thromboplastin times (APTT) were examined in vitro. The highest inhibition of hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation was observed by ethyl acetate fraction of the root and stem extracts. The high inhibition of lipid peroxidation was observed in the leaf, the root and the stem in order. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of ethyl acetate fraction was higher than that of n-butanol fraction and it was similar to the root and the steam extract. It was similar to the inhibition of hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was the highest in 0.50 mg/mL of ethyl acetate fraction, and it was 4.4-fold higher than that of a-tocopherol, as an antioxidant standard. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was dependent on the extract concentration in the range of $0.12\~5.00$ mg/mL. The soybean lipoxygenase activity of ethyl acetate fraction was higher than that of n-butanol fraction and it was similar to the root and the stem extracts. The soybean lipoxygenase activity was the highest in 0.50 mg/mL of ethyl acetate fraction. The soybean lipoxygenase activity was dependent on the extract concentration in the range of $0.12\~5.00$ mg/mL. The leaf extract showed the highest antithrombogenic effect followed by the stem and then the root extract. The activated partial thromboplastin times were dependent on the extract concentration in the range of $0.10\~2.00$ mg/mL.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.355-361
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• 1997

This study was carried out to investigate the acute cutaneous enzymatic antioxidant activity of green tea extracts (GTE) on hairless mice skin after a signal exposure to ultraviolet B radiation. GTE has been in corporated at concentration of 5, 25, 50 and $100\;{\mu}g$ into hairless mice skin. Under exposure conditions of $1.0\;joule/cm^{2}$, impairment of cutaneous enzymatic activity was observed. Catalase and glutathione reductase were significantly influenced in dose-dependent manner by GTE, however glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were not affected. To measure inhibition effect of the GTE on lipoxygenase. $50\;{\mu}g$ GTE extract was added in vitro to arachidonis acid. GTE showed higher inhibition effect on 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) and 8-HETE than metalolic products of 12- or 15-HETE. The addition of 5, 25, 50 and $100\;{\mu}g$ GTE inhibited the metabolite formation of 5-HETE by 32, 52, 62 and 80%, respectively, and the metabolite formation of 8-HETE by 36, 47, 70 and 84%, respectively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.63 no.4
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• pp.338-359
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• 2018

Soybean (Glycine max L.), a major part of Asian diet, is consumed primarily for its nutritional value. However, poor storage stability often leads to loss of nutritional value or deterioration in quality. This study focused on the storage stability of soy flour obtained from raw and roasted "Saedanbaek" soybeans packed in polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PPE) film bags that were stored at $4^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$ and $45^{\circ}C$ for 48 weeks. The early acid values (diene and p-anisidine) of raw soybean flour (RSF) at high temperature (HT) were higher than those at refrigerated temperature (RFT) and room temperature (RT) during 48 and 12 to 36 weeks, respectively. In the case of roasted soybean flour (ROSF), which was stored at RFT and RT, the acid and conjugated diene values gradually increased after 24 weeks. In RSF, the peroxide value increased since the beginning of the $24^{th}$ week. The p-anisidine value also increased during 12 to 36 weeks but was much lower than the values obtained from HT storage. As the peroxide values decreased, the p-anisidine values increased, indicating an inverse relationship. Lipoxygenase activity of ROSF at all storage conditions was lower than RSF. Several differences were observed between the packing materials used. This study could, therefore, provide useful information for the industrial use of soybean flour (SF).

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.1391-1398
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• 2009

In this study, we investigated the suppressive effects of ore minerals on the allergic cell damages and oxidative cell damages. The ore minerals significantly reduced the productions of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in rat basophilic leukemia cells challenged with 2,4-dinitrophenol-bovine serum albumin (DNP-BSA). Lipoxygenase activity was also reduced by the ore minerals. Moreover, the ore minerals showed weak protective effects on the oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide in pig kidney cells and retinal ganglion cells. Photohemolysis of erythrocytes in the presence of rose-bengal as a sensitizer was also inhibited by ore minerals. These results suggest that the ore minerals may be useful as the protectant for allergic and oxidative cell damages.