• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.106-118
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• 2009

This study was to investigated optimum preparation conditions for Gugija Heukimja jook by response surface methodology (RSM). The important materials used for the Gugija Heukimja product were Lycium chinese, Seasamum indicum L., Ziziphus jujuba Mill. and rice. Moisture content, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash and crude fiber content were 15.62, 16.60, 13.62, 4.93 and 11.17% for Lycium chinese, 3.62, 20.94, 43.56, 5.67 and 10.72% for Seasamum indicum L., 24.12, 5.38, 0.73, 2.30 and 1.25% for Ziziphus jujuba Mill., and 12.36, 6.98, 0.46, 0.43 and 0.41% for rice, respectively. Optimal extraction conditions of brix, color, pH and total acidity in the materials for Gugija Heukimja jook were temperature $80^{\circ}C$, water volume 850 mL and extraction time of 63 min. The spreadability of jook with Lycium chinese and Ziziphus jujuba Mill. extracts was the highest when black sesame was 12 g pH was the lowest when black sesame was 9 g. PH showed a significant difference when the added black sesame ratio changed. The 'value L' of chromaticity was lower with an increase of the black sesame ratio, 'value a' was higher with an increase of the black sesame ratio, 'value b' was lower with an increase of the black sesame ratio. Brix was lower when black sesame in jook was added. Total acidity was highest (7.27%) when black sesame was 12 g. The degree of gelatinization tended to be lower with additional black sesame. Higher scores of sensory evaluation were found for the product containing 9 g black sesame with Lycii furctus and Ziziphus jujuba Mill. extracts ompared to the other samples with 3 and 6g. No significant difference in taste occurred for Gugija Heukimja jook prepared with over 9 g black sesame, while a great difference showed in color, pH and total acid. Therefore, the Gugija Heukimja jook prepared under the optimal conditions of 9 g black sesame with Lycium chinese and Ziziphus jujuba Mill. extracts exhibited higher qualities. Gugija Heukimja jook can use the easier for Yacksun jook. It is expected to become functional in the product's development.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1983

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were measured in the serum of 35 normal control subjects and 179 cases of various benign and malignant gastrointestinal diseases. Malignant gastrointestinal tumors include 69 cases of stomach cancer, 24 cases of hepatoma and 33 cases of colorectal cancer. Benign gastrointestinal diseases include 29 cases of peptic ulcer and 24 cases of liver cirrhosis. The results were as followings: 1) Mean serum CEA level in normal control subjects was $6.9{\pm}3.3ng/ml$ and there was; no difference in mean serum CEA level between age and sex difference. 2) In malignant gastrointestinal tumors, mean serum CEA level in colorectal cancer, hepatoma and stomach cancer, were $54.3{\pm}88.9ng/ml,\;62.1{\pm}99.7ng/ml$ respectively. Serum CEA level showed positive rate of 67% in colorectal cancer, 63% in hepatoma and 62% in stomach cancer. There was no difference in mean levels and positivity of serum CEA between these 3 malignant tumor groups. 3) Positivity of serum CEA was 61% in malignant gastrointestinal tumor group in spite of 37% in benign gastrointestinal disease group. In both mean level and positivity of serum CEA, stomach cancer was much higher than peptic ulcer. But there was no difference in mean level and positivity of serum CEA level between hepatoma and liver cirrhosis. 4) In hepatoma serum CEA level showed positive rate of 62.5% and alpha-feto protein showed a rate of 58.3%. 5) Mean serum CEA levels in patients with cancer in rectal, cecal, sigmoid colon, ascending: colon and descending colon were $73.7{\pm}106.7ng/ml,\;69{\pm}84.8ng/ml$, $15.7{\pm}9.1ng/ml,\;7.5{\pm}10.6ng/ml$ and 4.0ng/ml respectively. Positive rate of serum CEA showed 86% in sigmoid. colon cancer, 68% in rectal cancer and 66% in cecal cancer. 6) In considering of histological background, there was no correlation between the degree of differentiation of tumor cell and the serum CEA level in colorectal cancer. According to Duke's classification, the mean serum levels of CEA were $8.8{\pm}11.4ng/ml$ in group A, $15.3{\pm}16.0ng/ml$ in group B and $68.5{\pm}101.5ng/ml$ in group C respectively. Positivity-of serum CEA in group A, Band C were 40%, 50% & 69% respectively. So there was significant correlation between the degree of elevation of serum CEA and tumor extension.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.373-379
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• 2015

This study aimed to investigate the anti-amnesic effect of perilla oil against trimethyltin (TMT)-induced learning and memory impairment in ICR mice. Perilla oil (2.5 mL/kg of body weight) and soybean oil (2.5 mL/kg of body weight) were administered orally to mice for 3 weeks, and at the end of the experimental period, cognitive behavior was examined by Y-maze and Morris water maze (MWM) tests. Behavioral tests showed that the mice treated with perilla oil had improved cognitive function compared to that in mice administered soybean oil. Analysis of brain tissue showed that perilla oil significantly lowered acetylcholinesterase activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Oxidized glutathione (GSH)-to-total GSH ratio also decreased from 10.4% to 5.3% in perilla oil-treated mice, but superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased from 11.7 to 14.2 U/mg protein. Therefore, these results suggest that the perilla oil could be a potential functional substance for improving cognitive function.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.11-14
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• 1975

This work was carried out to determine that ginseng cake (meal) could be substituted for 10% level of chicken feed. The feeding experiment was held with 180 laying hens for 8 weeks. And the results were as tin the followings, 1. Protein content of the ginseng cake was lower (4.25%) than that of the control feed (18.72%: commertial chicken feed), and crude fiber of the ginseng cake was higher (14.73%) than that of the control (9.39%). 2. Slight increasings of body weight were observed in the group of the control feed (10 g) and the group of the feed containing 10% of the ginseng meal (24 g), significant increasing (50 g) was seen in the group of the feed containing 5% of the ginseng meal (p<0.05). 3. The feed efficiency of the ginseng group was slightly higher than that of the control group, but significant defferences were not recognized. 4. Egg laying ratio of the 5% ginseng group was somewhat higher than that of the other groups, and egg weight of each group was almost same. With all the results of this experiments, it was identified that ginseng cake is able to be substituted for the feed of laying hen within 10% level.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.1037-1047
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• 2017

Objective: Despite an increasing number of investigations into the pathophysiology of necrotic enteritis (NE) disease, etiology of NE-associated diseases, and gene expression profiling of NE-affected tissues, the microRNA (miRNA) profiles of NE-affected poultry have been poorly studied. The aim of this study was to induce NE disease in the genetically disparate Fayoumi chicken lines, and to perform non-coding RNA sequencing in the intestinal mucosal layer. Methods: NE disease was induced in the Fayoumi chicken lines (M5.1 and M15.2), and non-coding RNA sequencing was performed in the intestinal mucosal layer of both NE-affected and uninfected chickens to examine the differential expression of miRNAs. Next, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time qPCR) was performed to further examine four miRNAs that showed the highest fold differences. Finally, bioinformatics analyses were performed to examine the four miRNAs target genes involvement in the signaling pathways, and to examine their interaction. Results: According to non-coding RNA sequencing, total 50 upregulated miRNAs and 26 downregulated miRNAs were detected in the NE-induced M5.1 chickens. While 32 upregulated miRNAs and 11 downregulated miRNAs were detected in the NE-induced M15.2 chickens. Results of real-time qPCR analysis on the four miRNAs (gga-miR-9-5p, gga-miR-20b-5p, ggamiR-196-5p, and gga-let-7d) were mostly correlated with the results of RNAseq. Overall, ggamiR-20b-5p was significantly downregulated in the NE-induced M5.1 chickens and this was associated with the upregulation of its top-ranking target gene, mitogen-activated protein kinase, kinase 2. Further bioinformatics analyses revealed that 45 of the gene targets of gga-miR-20b-5p were involved in signal transduction and immune system-related pathways, and 35 of these targets were predicted to interact with each other. Conclusion: Our study is a novel report of miRNA expression in Fayoumi chickens, and could be very useful in understanding the role of differentially expressed miRNAs in a NE disease model.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.81-93
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to examin height, weight and body composition nutrient intakes and serum lipids for high school girls in urban and fishing area. The subjects consisted of 78(44 fishing and 34 urban) high school girls aged in average 17.3 and 17 years. Their dietary intakes were assesed for 1 day by means of 24 hours dietary recall method. Concentrations of serum lipids, percentage of body fat and volume of total body water were measured. The mean energy intake of the subjects were 1431 ㎉ in fishing and 1659 ㎉ in urban area. The subjects in fishing area(urban) consumed 58(67) g protein, 27(36) g lipid, 459(634) mg calcium, 676(945) mg phosphorous, 11(14) mg iron, 786(574) RE retinol, 2.8(3.6) mg tocopherol, 0.9(1.0) mg thiamin, 1.2(1.1) mg riboflavin, 16.9(20.5) mg niacin and 64.1(92.8) mg ascorbic acid, respectively. Energy, calcium, iron and tocopherol intakes were lower than the Korean RDA in both girls. The mean percentage of fishing girls were 19.8% and significantly lower than 25.6% in urban. These values seem to fall in the desirable range in fishing girls, but high school girls in urban is seemed to overweight. The mean saturated fatty acid(SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid(MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA) and dietary cholesterol(Chol) intakes were 7.3 g, 8.1 g, 7.2 g and 263 mg for fishing girls were 13.1 g, 12.1 g, 9.1 g and 216 mg for urban girls respectively. The fat, SFA and MUFA intakes in fishing girls were significantly lower than urban girls. The P/M/S ratio was 0.9/1.1/1 for fishing, was 0.7/0.9/1 for urban. The mean serum triglyceride(TG), total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol concentrations were 77.7(61.8) mg/dl, 124.5(142.3) mg/dl, 59.3(22.4) mg/dl and 49.6(107.8) mg/dl in fishing girls(urban girls), respectively. All of these values seem to fall in the desirable range but HDL-chlesterol concentrations in fishing girls were significantly higher than urban girls and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in fishing girls were significantly lower than urban girls. There were positive correlations between body fat percent and total cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol concentration : negative correlations between between body fat percent and HDL-cholesterol concentration : positive correlation between fat intake and LDL-cholesterol concentration : negative correlations between serum HDL-cholesterol concentration and fat or SFA or MUFA intakes. (Korean J Human 1(1) : 81~93, 1998)

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1092-1096
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• 1997

Thromboelastography(TEG) enables a global assessment of hemostatic function to be made from a single blood sample, documenting the interaction of platelets with protein coagulation cascade from the time of the initial platelet-fibrin interaction, through platelet aggregation, clot strengthening and fibrin cross linking to eventual clot Iysis. Thirty-five patients(mean age 34$\pm$ 12) undergoing open heart surgery from April 1st, 1996 to August 31th, 1996 were investigated at preoperatively and immediate, one hour, and 24 hours after cessation of cardiopulmonary bypass using TEG. Comparisons were made between classic hematological indices and TEG data. There were statistically significant correlation between maximal amplitude(MA) and platelet count before CPB, activating clotting time(ACT) and TEG date(R time, K time and a angle) at 24-hour after CPB. The data on the predictive accuracy for postoperative bleeding at 24-hour after CPB, the TEG was significantly better than ACT(57%) or the coagulation profiles(43%) as a predictor of postoperative bleeding, with an accuracy rate of 100% (P=0.0043). In conclusion, TEG seems to be easy to use, clinically accurate, cost effective and provides data which can effectively manage a patient's hemostasis.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.431-437
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• 2016

Macrophages play a pivotal role in the innate and adaptive immune systems. This study investigated the immuno-modulatory activities of polysaccharides separated from Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum (CZPS) in macrophages. Polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum were extracted by the ethanol precipitation method. RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cell line was treated with CZPS (4 to $128{\mu}g/mL$), and there was no cytotoxicity at a dose below $32{\mu}g/mL$. The levels of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ and interleukin (IL)-6, IL-$1{\beta}$) production in the CZPS treated group ($32{\mu}g/mL$) were $6.5{\pm}0.12{\mu}m$ (NO), $1252.8{\pm}79.85$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), $305.4{\pm}29.41$ (IL-6), and $683.3{\pm}59.71$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), respectively, and they were significantly increased when compared to the control group; $2.2{\pm}0.03{\mu}m$ (NO), $452.3{\pm}38.34$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), $31.7{\pm}5.75$ (IL-6), and $184.1{\pm}11.52$ (IL-$1{\beta}$). Additionally, protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and phosphorylation of MAPKs and NF-${\kappa}B$ expression were significantly increased upon CZPS treatment. Therefore, these results indicated that polysaccharides separated from Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum (CZPS) may have a potential immunomodulatory activity in macrophages through MAPKs and NF-${\kappa}B$ signaling, and this information is useful for the development of immune enhancing adjuvant materials using a natural ingredient.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.223-228
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• 2013

The calcium-activated $K^+$ ($BK_{Ca}$) channel is one of the potassium-selective ion channels that are present in the nervous and vascular systems. $Ca^{2+}$ is the main regulator of $BK_{Ca}$ channel activation. The $BK_{Ca}$ channel contains two high affinity $Ca^{2+}$ binding sites, namely, regulators of $K^+$ conductance, RCK1 and the $Ca^{2+}$ bowl. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA, 1-radyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphate) is one of the neurolipids. LPA affects diverse cellular functions on many cell types through G protein-coupled LPA receptor subtypes. The activation of LPA receptors induces transient elevation of intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ levels through diverse G proteins such as $G{\alpha}_{q/11}$, $G{\alpha}_i$, $G{\alpha}_{12/13}$, and $G{\alpha}s$ and the related signal transduction pathway. In the present study, we examined LPA effects on $BK_{Ca}$ channel activity expressed in Xenopus oocytes, which are known to endogenously express the LPA receptor. Treatment with LPA induced a large outward current in a reversible and concentration-dependent manner. However, repeated treatment with LPA induced a rapid desensitization, and the LPA receptor antagonist Ki16425 blocked LPA action. LPA-mediated $BK_{Ca}$ channel activation was also attenuated by the PLC inhibitor U-73122, $IP_3$ inhibitor 2-APB, $Ca^{2+}$ chelator BAPTA, or PKC inhibitor calphostin. In addition, mutations in RCK1 and RCK2 also attenuated LPA-mediated $BK_{Ca}$ channel activation. The present study indicates that LPA-mediated activation of the $BK_{Ca}$ channel is achieved through the PLC, $IP_3$, $Ca^{2+}$, and PKC pathway and that LPA-mediated activation of the $BK_{Ca}$ channel could be one of the biological effects of LPA in the nervous and vascular systems.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.598-607
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• 2006

The following study has been conducted by carrying out the nutrition education program for preschool children and measuring the change in their food preference and nutritional knowledge. The 28 boys and 22 girls with the average height of $117.4{\pm}5.1cm$ and weight $21.8{\pm}3.5kg$ participated in the study. The favorite foods of the children were: meat (51.1%) being the highest, fruits (38.3%), carbohydrates (23.4%), while the least favored food was vegetables (75%). It indicated that 36.2% of the children were having unbalanced diets. The change in food preference after the implementation of the nutrition education program was the significant increase in preference in vegetables and fruits (p<0.01) and proteins such as meat, fish, eggs and beans (p<0.05). The differences in food preference among boys and girls were that the boys showed significant increase in vegetables and fruits (p<0.01) while there was a decrease in the simple sugar groups (p<0.01). Regarding girls, there were significant increases in vegetables and fruits as well as protein groups of meat, fish, eggs and beans (p<0.01). The changes in the nutritional knowledge of the preschool children after the implementation of the nutrition education program were scores for the fruits and vegetables group and carbohydrates group showed a significant increase while the scores for the oil and nuts group had decreased considerably. The average score on nutritional knowledge has significantly increased from 9.07 to 10.17 (p<0.01) and the score on the roles of the nutrients increased from 3.02 to 3.48 (p<0.05). The changes in eating habits of the children after the nutrition education were the answer for the change in eating habits of the children after the nutrition education was 'slight change' 61.4%. Also, the change in food preference was 'slight change' 61.4% and the improvement in nutrition education was 'slightly' 50%. According to the results of this study, it is evident that the change in eating habits and the acquisition of nutritional knowledge is very difficult, thus requiring consistent and prolonged education. Therefore, it seems to be best to include a more systematic and professional nutrition education program in preschool education. Also, the education for the parents should be implemented since the effect of education on children is greater when it is closely connected with the education at home.