• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.393-397
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• 2008

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) was used to determine the presence of germanium and phosphorus in a pure gold bonding wire. The samples were dissolved with hydrobromic acid and nitric acid at room temperature. The quantitation limits were 0.012 mg L-1 at 265.118 nm for Ge and 0.009 mg L-1 at 177.495 nm for P. Using the mixed acid digestion formula of DIW+HBr+HNO3, the recoveries were in the range of 98-100% and the relative standard deviation was within 1.1-2.3%. On the other hand, the amount of Ge decreased by about 16.2% using DIW+HCl+HNO3, due to the formation of a volatile compound. The Ge contents determined using the external method and the standard addition method were 9.45 mg kg-1 and 9.24 mg kg-1, respectively, and the P contents, using the same methods, were 22.49 mg kg-1 and 23.09 mg kg-1, respectively. Both methods were successfully used to determine the trace amounts of P and Ge in the pure gold bonding wire samples.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2006.10a
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• pp.32-33
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• 2006

As next generation nonvolatile memory, chalcogenide-based phase change memory can substitute for a conventional flash memory from its high performance. Also, fast writing speed, low writing voltage, high sensing margin, low power consumption and repetition reliability over $10^{15}$ cycle shows its possibility. At our laboratory, we invented ${Ge_1}{Se_1}{Te_2}$ material to alternate with conventional ${Ge_2}{Sb_2}{Te_5}$ for improve its ability. We respect the ${Ge_1}{Se_1}{Te_2}$ material can be a solution for high power consumption problem and long time at 'set' performance. A conductivity experiment from variable temperature was performed to see reliability of repetition at read and write performance. Compare with conventional ${Ge_2}{Sb_2}{Te_5}$ material, these two materials are used as complex compound to get the finest parameter.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.168-174
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• 2018

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease characterized by abdominal pain, rectal bleeding and diarrhea. Gastrodia elata Blume (GE) has been used for the treatment of various diseases including neurodegenerative diseases and inflammatory disease. However, there has been no information on whether GE regulates intestinal inflammation. The aim of this study is to elucidate whether GE can protect against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in a mouse model. The colitis mice were induced by drinking water containing 5% DSS for 7 days. Body weight, colon length and clinical score were assessed to determine the effects on colitis. The levels of inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$ and interleukin (IL)-6 in colitis tissue were also measured. The results showed that mice administrated with DSS showed clinical signs including weight loss and reduced colon length. GE inhibited the DSS-induced loss of body weight and shortening of colon and increased Disease activity index score. Additionally, we observed that GE suppressed the levels of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-6 in DSS-treated colon tissues. Collectively, these findings provide experimental evidence that GE might be a useful therapeutic agent for patients with UC.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.221-225
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• 2007

The possibility of improving amplification characteristics and lowering the melting point of bismuth-doped aluminosilicate glass as a new amplification material, which has broadband near-infrared emission at 1300 nm regions, was investigated. Spectroscopic analysis of bismuth-doped aluminosilicate glass shows that the addition of an alkali metal oxide, $Li_{2}O$ increases FWHM of fluorescence spectrum but decreases fluorescence intensity, while $GeO_{2}$ composition increases both FWHM of fluorescence spectrum and fluorescence intensity. Also, excellent optical amplification gain characteristics in a $GeO_{2}$-added sample were observed.

• Journal of the Korean Physical Society
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• v.80
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• pp.1076-1080
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• 2022

For preventing a sneak current in the 3D cross-point array, the selection device is essentially necessary and an n-MOSFET has been used for the selection device. However, the three-terminal electrodes of n-MOSFET make to achieve a high density of a cross-point array difficult. As a solution, using a selector having two terminal electrodes has been intensively researched. We presented that the CuGeS₂/GeS₂-based super-linear-threshold-switching (SLTS) selector device with the insertion of optimal TiN liner thickness exhibited outstanding electrical characteristics and reliability. The dependency of electrical characteristics and reliability on various TiN liner thicknesses were investigated. In addition, the principles of reliability and electrical characteristics improvement were understood through the energy dispersive spectroscopy elemental mapping and line profile of Cu. The adequate amount of Cu distributed in GeS₂ resistive switching layer is a key factor to achieve excellent electrical characteristics and reliability for an ultra-high-density 3D cross-point array cell.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.1547-1551
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• 2010

We newly propose the silver alloys of Ag-5wt%Ge-2.5wt%Cu(Ge1) and Ag-5wt%In-2.5wt%(In1) to overcome the tarnish and mechanically weak problems of the conventional sterling silver Ag-7.5wt%Cu (Cu1). We check the castability, surface color stability during process and wearing, and work hardening with plastic deformation of all three silver alloys. Our newly proposed silver alloys of Ge1 and In1 showed improved castability, anti-tarnish stability, and work hardening property compared to the conventional sterling silver, which implied that these alloys might be more appropriate for the high-end silver jewelry.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.316-325
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• 2017

Background: Ginseng essence (GE) is a formulation comprising four medicinal and edible herbs including ginseng (Panax ginseng), American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera), and lily bulb (Lilium longiflorum). This study was aimed at investigating the hepatoprotective effect of GE against carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$)-induced liver injury in rats. Methods: We treated Wistar rats daily with low, medium, and high [0.625 g/kg body weight (bw), 1.25 g/kg bw, and 3.125 g/kg bw, respectively] doses of GE for 9 wk. After the 1st wk of treatment, rats were administered 20% $CCl_4$ (1.5 mL/kg bw) two times a week to induce liver damage until the treatment ended. Results: Serum biochemical analysis indicated that GE ameliorated the elevation of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase and albumin decline in $CCl_4$-treated rats. Moreover, $CCl_4$-induced accumulation of hepatic total cholesterol and triglyceride was inhibited. The hepatoprotective effects of GE involved enhancing the hepatic antioxidant defense system including glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. In addition, histological analysis using hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome staining showed that GE inhibited $CCl_4$-induced hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining of alpha-smooth muscle actin indicated that $CCl_4$-triggered activation of hepatic stellate cells was reduced. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that GE improves $CCl_4$-induced liver inflammation and fibrosis by attenuating oxidative stress. Therefore, GE could be a promising hepatoprotective herbal formulation for future development of phytotherapy.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.377-385
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• 2018

For the investigation of dopant profiles in implanted $Si_{1-x}Ge_x$, the implanted B and As profiles are measured using SIMS (secondary ion mass spectrometry). The fundamental ion-solid interactions of implantation in $Si_{1-x}Ge_x$ are discussed and explained using SRIM, UT-marlowe, and T-dyn programs. The annealed simulation profiles are also analyzed and compared with experimental data. In comparison with the SIMS data, the boron simulation results show 8% deviations of $R_p$ and 1.8% deviations of ${\Delta}R_p$ owing to relatively small lattice strain and relaxation on the sample surface. In comparison with the SIMS data, the simulation results show 4.7% deviations of $R_p$ and 8.1% deviations of ${\Delta}R_p$ in the arsenic implanted $Si_{0.2}Ge_{0.8}$ layer and 8.5% deviations of $R_p$ and 38% deviations of ${\Delta}R_p$ in the $Si_{0.5}Ge_{0.5}$ layer. An analytical method for obtaining the dopant profile is proposed and also compared with experimental and simulation data herein. For the high-speed CMOSFET (complementary metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor) and HBT (heterojunction bipolar transistor), the study of dopant profiles in the $Si_{1-x}Ge_x$ layer becomes more important for accurate device scaling and fabrication technologies.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.39-50
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• 2019

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases play an important role in cell growth and differentiation, as well as the modulation of proinflammatory cytokines. The objective of this study was to examine the increase in the anti-inflammatory effect of Gentiana scabra Bunge (GSB), due to bioconversion with the Aspergillus kawachii crude enzyme, via inhibition of the $NF-{\kappa}B$ signaling and MAP kinase pathways in RAW 264.7 cells. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 in RAW 264.7 cells treated with the GSB ethyl acetate fraction bioconverted with A. kawachii crude enzyme (GE-BA), was dramatically suppressed as compared to GSB ethyl acetate fraction non-bioconverted with the A. kawachii crude enzyme (GE-UA). The phosphorylation of p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinases, and inhibitory ${\kappa}B$ in RAW 264.7 cells treated with GE-BA was further suppressed, as compared to exposure to GE-UA. Moreover, the mRNA expression of interleukin 6, interleukin 1-beta, and tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ was further suppressed by GE-BA, compared to GE-UA. Similarly, anti-oxidant activities, such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical scavenging activity, of GE-BA were further increased compared to GE-UA. These observations demonstrate that the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of GSB ethyl acetate fraction increases as a result from bioconversion with the A. kawachii crude enzyme.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.185-190
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the recognition and the perception for succession and development on Ge-Geol radish that has been grown in Icheon area. A total of 385 (male 118, female 267) aged over 20 years who lived in Icheon area were investigated from May to June 2006. Seventy five percent of the total subjects were recognized Ge-Geol radish, and only the 40.8% of them were recognized as regional special agriproduct exactly. And the rate of the subjects who had experience to eat Ge-Geol radish was just 40.8%. While preferences on Ge-Geol radish were relatively high among the subjects who have experience to eat. Reasons for liking were 'distinctive (43.8%)', 'eat from a child (24.5%)', 'tasty (15.1%)', and 'nutritious(8.3%)'. Reasons for disliking were 'rough texture (54.8%)', 'tasteless (9.7%)', 'unique smell (9.7%)', 'undesirable color (6.5%)', and 'indistinctive (6.5%)'. Also, most of the subjects considered the need for the succession and the development of Ge-Geol radish. Therefore, for expanding utilization of Ge-Geol radish, it should be contacted easily from a child and be developed as products suited to the consumer's needs by various cooking and processing methods.