• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.25-51
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• 2012

Researches about the relationship between SST(Self Service Technology) and TRI(Technology Readiness Index) have been carried out after TRI was developed by Parasuraman and his colleagues(2000). We hypothesize Consumer Readiness can also influence consumer's motivation, attitude, and intent to use SST. Currently, there has been no research on this subject. In this study, we investigated the relationship between TR, Consumer Readiness and SST Core Attitudinal Model which Dabholkar & Bagozzi(1994) proposed. The researchers also investigated moderating effects of consumer traits and situational factors to verify the acceptance of such forms of service delivery by all kinds of consumers and under different situational contexts. Self consciousness, the need for interaction with an employee, and the technology anxiety were used as consumer trait variables. Perceived waiting time and perceived crowding were used as situational variables. 380 questionnaires were distributed to a sample group of people in their 20's and 30's, and the data were analyzed with structural equation model using AMOS 18.0 program. All of Cronbach's alpha values representing reliabilities were satisfactory. The values of Composite Reliability(CR) and Average Variance Extracted(AVE) also showed the above criteria, thus providing evidence of convergent validity. To confirm discriminant validity among the constructs, confirmatory factor analysis and correlations among all the variables were examined. The results were satisfactory. The results of this study are summarized as follows. 1. Optimism and innovativeness of TR partially influenced the motivation to use SST. People who tend to be optimistic use SST because of ease of use and fun. The innovative however, usually use SST due to its performance. However, consumer readiness of role clarity, ability and self-efficacy influence all the components of motivation to use SST, ease of use, performance and fun. The relative effect of consumer readiness on the motivation to use SST was much stronger and more significant than that of TR. No other previous studies have examined the effects of Consumer Readiness on SST usage motivation, attitude and intention. It is academically meaningful that the researchers verified that Consumer Readiness is the important precedent construct influencing the self service technology core Attitudinal Model. Our findings suggest that marketers should consider fun and ease of use attributes to promote the use of self service technology. In addition, the SST usage frequency will rise rapidly when role clarity, ability, and self-efficacy which anybody can easily handle SST is assured. If the SST usage rate is increased, waiting times for customers could be decreased. Shorter waiting time could lead to higher customer satisfaction. It may also result in making a long-term profit owing to the reduced number of employees. Thus, presentation of using SST by employees or videos showing how to use it will promote the usage attitude and intent. 2. In SST core attitudinal model, performance and fun factors among SST usage motivation affected attitudes of using SST. The attitude of using SST highly influenced intent to use SST. This result is consistent with previous researches that dealt with the relationship between motivation, attitude and intention. Expectation of using SST could result in good performance just like the effect of ordering menu to service employees and to have fun since fun during its use could promote more SST usage rate. 3. In the relationship among motivation, attitude and intent in SST core attitudinal model, the moderating effect of consumer traits(self-consciousness, need for interaction with service employees and technology anxiety) and situational factors(perceived crowding and perceived waiting time) were tested. The results also supported the hypothesized moderating effects except perceived crowding. The highly self-conscious tended to form attitudes to use SST because of its fun compared to those who were less self-conscious because of its performance. People who had a high need for interaction with service employees tended to use SST for its performance. This result indicates that if ordering results are assured, SST is easily accessible to even consumers who have a high need for interaction with a service employee. When SST is easy to use, attitudes strengthen intent among people who had a high level of anxiety of technology. People who had low technology anxiety formed attitudes to use SST because of its performance. Service firms must ensure their self service technology is designed to be easy to use for those who have a high level of technology anxiety. Shorter perceived waiting times strengthened the attitude to use self service technology because of its fun. If the fun aspect is assured, people willing to use self service technology even perceive waiting time to be shorter than it actually is. Greater perceived waiting times form higher level of intent to use self service technology than those of shorter perceived waiting times. This implies that people view self service technology as a faster alternative to ordering service employees. The fun aspect of self service technology will attract a higher rate of usage for self service technology. 4. It has been proven that ease of use, performance and fun aspects are very important factors in motivation to form attitudes and intent to use self service technology regardless of the amount of perceived waiting time, self-consciousness, need for interaction with service employees, and technology anxiety. Service firms must consider these motivation aspects(ease of use, performance and fun)strongly in their promotion to use self service technology. Ease of use, assuring absolute performance compared to interaction with service employees', and adding a fun aspect will positively strengthen consumers' attitudes and intent to use self service technology. Summarizing the moderating effects, fun is the most valuable factor triggering SST usage attitude and intention. Therefore, designing self service technology to be fun will be the key to its success. This study focused on the touch screen self service technology in fast food restaurant. Although it has its limits due to the fact that it is hard to generalize the results to any other self service technology, the conceptual framework of this study can be applied to future research of any other service site.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2018

Passive microwave sea surface temperatures (SST) were validated in the Northwest Pacific using a total of 102,294 collocated matchup data between Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) / GPM Microwave Sensor(GMI) data and oceanic in-situ temperature measurements from March 2014 to December 2016. A root-mean-square (RMS) error and a bias error of the GMI SST measurements were evaluated to $0.93^{\circ}C$ and $0.05^{\circ}C$, respectively. The SST differences between GMI and in-situ measurements were caused by various factors such as wind speed, columnar atmospheric water vapor, land contamination near coastline or islands. The GMI SSTs were found to be higher than the in-situ temperature measurements at low wind speed (<6 m/s) during the daytime. As the wind speed increased at night, SST errors showed positive bias. In addition, other factors, coming from atmospheric water vapor, sensitivity degradation at a low temperature range, and land contamination, also contributed to the errors. One of remarkable characteristics of the errors was their latitudinal dependence with large errors at high latitudes above $30^{\circ}N$. Seasonal characteristics revealed that the errors were most frequently observed in winter with a significant positive deviation. This implies that SST errors tend to be large under conditions of high wind speeds and low SSTs. Understanding of microwave SST errors in this study is anticipated to compensate less temporal capability of Infrared SSTs and to contribute to increase a satellite observation rate with time, especially in SST composite process.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.241-255
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• 2000

Sihosamultang(SST) has been used for the treatment of puerperal fever, liver disease in traditional medicine. The present study was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant effects of SST extract in vitro. The inhibitory effect of SST extract on lipid peroxidant was examined in the linoleic acid autoxidation system. In this test, SST extract significantly inhibited the time course of the lipid peroxidation. And SST extract showed about 73% scavenging effect on DPPH radical. And this extract inhibited not only the lipid peroxide formation induced by hydroxyl radical derived from $ H_{2}O_{2}-Fe^{2+}$ in the rat liver homogenate, but also the superoxide generation from xanthine-xanthine oxidase system in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, SST extract protected the hepatic cell death induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide. These data indicated that SST might play a protective role against oxidative injury by free radicals.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2016

Currently available surface seawater partial pressure carbon dioxide ($pCO_2$) data sets in the East Sea are not enough to quantify statistically the carbon dioxide flux through the air-sea interface. To complement the scarcity of the $pCO_2$ measurements, we construct a neural network (NN) model based on satellite data to map $pCO_2$ for the areas, which were not observed. The NN model is constructed for the Ulleung Basin, where $pCO_2$ data are best available, to map and estimate the variability of $pCO_2$ based on in situ $pCO_2$ for the years from 2003 to 2012, and the sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll data from the MODIS (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) sensor of the Aqua satellite along with geographic information. The NN model was trained to achieve higher than 95% of a correlation between in situ and predicted $pCO_2$ values. The RMSE (root mean square error) of the NN model output was $19.2{\mu}atm$ and much less than the variability of in situ $pCO_2$. The variability of $pCO_2$ with respect to SST and chlorophyll shows a strong negative correlation with SST than chlorophyll. As SST decreases the variability of $pCO_2$ increases. When SST is lower than $15^{\circ}C$, $pCO_2$ variability is clearly affected by both SST and chlorophyll. In contrast when SST is higher than $15^{\circ}C$, the variability of $pCO_2$ is less sensitive to changes in SST and chlorophyll. The mean rate of the annual $pCO_2$ increase estimated by the NN model output in the Ulleung Basin is $0.8{\mu}atm\;yr^{-1}$ from 2003 to 2014. As NN model can successfully map $pCO_2$ data for the whole study area with a higher resolution and less RMSE compared to the previous studies, the NN model can be a potentially useful tool for the understanding of the carbon cycle in the East Sea, where accessibility is limited by the international affairs.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.41-54
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• 1987

Accurate determination of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) is essential for ocean and climate studies. This paper estimated SST in the sea region around the Korea from the Advenced Very High Resolution Radiometer(AVHRR) channel 4 data on board NOAA-9 satellite. The processing procedure used to derive SSTs utilized: 1) Ascending node prediction of satellite orbit 2) Geometric correction 3) Radiometric calibration and radiance to temperature conversion look up table 4) Removing cloudy area. SST product results are displayed as colored video and hardcopy. In this processing, geometric correction is derived from equator crossing time, ascending time and subpoint coordinate information. Also, normalized response function of infrared 10.5-11.5$\mu\textrm{m}$ wavelength is used for temperature conversion. The SST derived from this processing is relatively similar to the measurements made by ship data, but because of water vapor attenuation SST from satellite are in general 2$^{\circ}$- $^{\circ}C$ lower than the ship data.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.58-60
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• 2003

Altimeter(Topex/Poseidon) and AVHRR(NOAA) data were used to study the variations and correlations of Sea Level(SL) and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in the North East Asian Seas from November 1993 to May 1998. This region is influenced simultaneously to continental and oceanic climate. SL and SST have increased gradually every year because the global warming, and presented usually a strong annual variations in Kuroshio extension region with the influence of bottom topography.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.275-285
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• 2017

National Meteorological Satellite Center(NMSC) has produced Sea Surface Temperature (SST) using Communication, Ocean, and Meteorological Satellite(COMS) data since April 2011. In this study, we have developed a new regional COMS SST algorithm optimized within the North-West Pacific Ocean area based on the Multi-Channel SST(MCSST) method and made a composite SST using polar orbit satellites as well as the COMS data. In order to retrieve the optimized SST at Northwest Pacific, we carried out a colocation process of COMS and in-situ buoy data to make coefficients of the MCSST algorithm through the new cloud masking including contaminant pixels and quality control processes of buoy data. And then, we have estimated the composite SST through the optimal interpolation method developed by National Institute of Meteorological Science(NIMS). We used four satellites SST data including COMS, NOAA-18/19(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-18/19), and GCOM-W1(Global Change Observation Mission-Water 1). As a result, the root mean square error ofthe composite SST for the period of July 2012 to June 2013 was $0.95^{\circ}C$ in comparison with in-situ buoy data.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.51-66
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• 2022

SST (Sea Surface Temperature) is based on the atmosphere-ocean interaction, one of the most important mechanisms for the Earth system. Because it is a crucial oceanic and meteorological factor for understanding climate change, gap-free grid data at a specific spatial and temporal resolution is beneficial in SST studies. This paper examined the production of daily SST grid maps from 137 stations in 2020 through the ordinary kriging with variogram optimization and their accuracy assessment. The variogram optimization was achieved by WLS (Weighted Least Squares) method, and the blind tests for the interpolation accuracy assessment were conducted by an objective and spatially unbiased sampling scheme. The four-round blind tests showed a pretty high accuracy: a root mean square error between 0.995 and 1.035℃ and a correlation coefficient between 0.981 and 0.982. In terms of season, the accuracy in summer was a bit lower, presumably because of the abrupt change in SST affected by the typhoon. The accuracy was better in the far seas than in the near seas. West Sea showed better accuracy than East or South Sea. It is because the semi-enclosed sea in the near seas can have different physical characteristics. The seasonal and regional factors should be considered for accuracy improvement in future work, and the improved SST can be a member of the SST ensemble around South Korea.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.1-15
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• 2016

Objectives This study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of Seungseup-tang (SST) on the monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis rats. Methods Osteoarthritis was induced by injection of MIA ($50{\mu}l$ with 80 mg/ml) into knee joint cavity of rats. Rats were divided into 4 groups (normal group, control group, indomethacin treated group, SST treated group, each n=6). Normal group was not injected with MIA and taken normal diet. Control group was injected with MIA and taken with distilled water. Indomethacin treated group was injected with MIA and taken indomethacin 5 mg/kg by oral administration. SST treated group was injected with MIA and taken SST 200 mg/kg by oral administration. We examined the weight-bearing ability of hind paw, biomarkers related to oxidative stress in serum, inflammatory proteins and inflammatory mediators and cytokines. Moreover, histopathological examination of knee joint structure was also performed by Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E), Safranin-O staining method. Results In the present study, SST treated group showed a similar inhibitory effects alike indomethacin treated group, in most of the studied parameters of inflammation. The increased oxidative stress biomarker such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and peroxy nitrite ($ONOO^-$) in the serum were reduced with SST. Especially, the level of $ONOO^-$ compared with control group significantly suppressed. Also, the expression of inflammatory mediators and cytokines induced by nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$) activation was modulated through inhibition of IkBa phosphorlation. In addition, histological analysis revealed that cartilage damage by MIA repaired markedly in SST treated group. Conclusions According to the results, Seungseup-tang may be effective for preventing the progression of osteoarthritis.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.219-230
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• 2001

The daytime and nighttime sea surface temperature (SST) differences and their seasonal variabilities in the East Sea were studied using Argos drifters data during 1996~1999. The SST differences for 1,438 data set were derived from 30 Argos drifters related to the NOAA satellite-based location and data collection system. The horizontal variation of SST differences in summer in the East Sea were higher than those in winter. The relationship between the SST differences and the half day moving distances of Argos drifters was studied. Monthly SST difference in the northern and southern part of 38$^{\circ}$N in the East Sea was considered. The SST differences derived from NOAA-14 satellite were compared with those from Argos drifter between daytime and nighttime in the turbulent eddy off Wonsan coast of Korea.