• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.155-160
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• 2018

We investigated to know the growth patterns of Aedes albopictus larva at the four different temperature conditions. Each of 120 individuals was placed into a $20m{\ell}$ vial and 12 sets (a set of 10 vials) were separated into 12 water tanks ($17{\times}24{\times}18cm^3$). Each water tank was composed of 3 the $1^{st}$ instar, 3 the $2^{nd}$ instar, 2 the $3^{rd}$ instar, and 2 the $4^{th}$ instar. Three sets of water tanks were placed under the four different incubator temperatures ($17^{\circ}C$, $21^{\circ}C$, $24^{\circ}C$, $28^{\circ}C$). We found that the eclosion rates were $20.00{\pm}5.77%$ at $21^{\circ}C$ and $3.33{\pm}3.33%$ at other temperatures. For the mosquito larva mortality rate, $1^{st}$ instar was $19.24{\pm}3.65%$, $2^{nd}$ instar was $16.48{\pm}3.25%$, $3^{rd}$ instar was $23.54{\pm}5.06%$, and $4^{th}$ instar was $40.74{\pm}7.08%$. The lowest mortality rate in growth stages according to temperature was $13.33{\pm}6.67%$ at $17^{\circ}C$ in $1^{st}$ instar larva, $7.41{\pm}7.41%$ at $21^{\circ}C$ at $2^{nd}$ instar larva, $10.74{\pm}6.43%$ at $24^{\circ}C$ in $3^{rd}$ instar larva, and $20.37{\pm}5.46%$ at $28^{\circ}C$ in $4^{th}$ instar larva. The survival period of mosquitoes in underwater were $26.33{\pm}0.67days$ at $17^{\circ}C$, $23.33{\pm}1.33days$ at $21^{\circ}C$, $20.00{\pm}2.52days$ at $24^{\circ}C$, and $11.67{\pm}1.20days$ at $28^{\circ}C$. From our results the most effective temperature to the normal growth of mosquito larva was $21^{\circ}C$, and the highest mortality rate was shown at the $4^{th}$ instar stage of larva growth. Our results would provide the basic data for the mosquito larva's growth pattern.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.325-334
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• 2008

Statement of problem & Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a mouth guard material properties on the skull and brain when they were under impact loads on mandible. Material and methods: Two customized mouth protectors having different material propeerst ieach other were made for a female Korean who had no history of brain trauma, no cerebral diseases, nomal occlusion and natural dentition. The 3D finite element model of human skull and brain scanned by means of computed tomography was constructed. The FEM model of head was composed of 407,825 elements and 82,138 nodes, including skull, brain, maxilla, mandible, articular disc, teeth and mouth guard. The stress concentrations on maxillary teeth, maxilla and skull with two mouth guards were evaluated under oblique impact load of 800N onto mandibular 3 loading points for 0.1sec. And the brain relative displacement was compared in two different mouth guard materials under same condition. Result and Conclusion: The results were as follows; 1. In comparison of von Mises stress on maxillary teeth, a soft mouth guard material had significantly lower stress values on measuring point than a hard mouth protector materials (P < .05). 2. In comparison of von Mises stress on maxilla and skull, A soft mouth protector material had significantly lower stress values on measuring point than a hard mouth protector materials (P < .05). 3. For impact loads on mandible, there were more stress concentrated area on maxilla and skull with hard mouth guard than soft with mouth protector. 4. For impact loads on mandible, brain relative displacement had little relation with mouth guard material properties. In results of this study, soft mouth guard materials were superior to hard mouth guard materials for mandible impact loads for prevention of sports injuries. Although the results of this study were not enough to figure out the roles of needed mouth guard material properties for a human head, we got some knowledge of the pattern about stress concentration and distribution on maxilla and skull for impact loads with soft or hard mouth protector. More studies are needed to substantiate the relationship between the mouth guard materials and sports injuries.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.219-225
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• 2007

This study was performed to provide basic ideas as understanding and application for oriental medicinal cuisine (Yak-Sun). To develop medicinal cuisine, it is necessary to grasp the theoretical system. And to develop medicinal cuisine for health enhancement, it is also required not only to consider constitutions but also to suggest the need of knowledge for moderation in terms of regimen along with the theory of oriental medicine. Also to develop medicinal cuisine according to the perspective of oriental medicinal theory, what should be taken into account is not only the understanding of the characteristics of food materials, but also the properties of them that the theory of oriental medicine. Lastly the scientific effect of the medicinal cuisine which is developed according to the oriental medicinal theory. And it is believed to De essential for the government to make effects to set a standard and laws to validate the medicinal effects and the process of assessment so that the systematic development can be encouraged, and to prepare guidance to food development for national health improvement. This research was planned and executed to evaluate how the composition of Yak-sun(oriental diet therapy) can effect health conditions of people who are suffering from diet-related diseases like cardiovascular related disease. by taking Yak-sun in a form of nutritional supplement with our daily meals. We produced Yak-sun tea with Mansam, Hwanggi, Tanggi and Paekchak and observed nutritional composition. We concluded that we could apply the components not only in a form of tea, but also in other forms of various food. The information we received from this conclusion will be a basic information on how we can apply oriental medicinal resources into other food and will also be a steppingstone for medicinal herbs to step foot in the field of functional food research, which already draws sizable attention world-wide.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.350-359
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• 2005

Sagittal split ramus osteotomy(SSRO) has been commonly performed in the mandibular prognathism. The previous studies of the mandibular anatomy for SSRO have mostly been used in dry skull without consideration of age, sex or jaw relationship of patients. This study was performed to evaluate the location of mandibular canal and the anatomy of ramus, such as the location of mandibular lingula and the ramal bone marrow, which were associated with SSRO procedures, in the patients with mandibular prognathism and normal young adults by using computerized tomographs(CT) and 3D images. The young adults at their twenties, who were considered to complete their skeletal growth, and seen in the Department of Orthodontics and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Chonnam National University Hospital between March 2000 and May 2003, were selected. This study was performed in 30 patients (15men, 15women) who were diagnosed as skeletal class I normal relationship, and another 30 patients (15men, 15women) who were diagnosed as skeletal class III relationship upon clinical examination and lateral cephalometric radiographs. The patients were divided into 2 groups : Class I group, the patients who had skeletal class Ⅰ normal relationship(n=30, 15men, 15women), and Class III group, the patients who had skeletal class III relationship(n=30, 15men, 15women). Facial CT was taken in all patients, and pure 3D mandibular model was constructed by V-works version 4.0. The occlusal plane was designed by three points, such as the mesiobuccal cusp of both mandibular 1st molar and the incisal edge of the right mandibular central incisor, and used as a reference plane. Distances between the tip of mandibular lingula and the occlusal plane, the sigmoid notch, the anterior and the posterior borders of ramus were measured. The height of ramal bone marrow from the occlusal plane and the distance between mid-point of mandibular canal and the buccal or lingual cortex of the mandible in the 1st and 2nd molars were measured by V-works version 4.0. Distance(Li-OP) between the occlusal plane and the tip of mandibular lingula of Class III Group was longer than that of Class I Group in men(p<0.01), but there was no significant difference in women between both groups. Distance(Li-SN) between the sigmoid notch and the tip of mandibular ligula of Class III group was longer than that of Class I Group in men(p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in women between both groups. Distance(Li-RA) between the anterior border of ramus and the tip of mandibular lingula of Class III Group was shorter than that of Class I Group in men and women(p<0.01). Distance(Li-RP) between the posterior border of ramus and the tip of mandibular lingula of Class III Group was slightly shorter than that of Class I Group in men(p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in women between both groups. Distance(RA-RP) between the anterior and the posterior borders of ramus of Class III Group was shorter than that of Class I Group in men and women(p<0.01). Longer the distance(SN-AN) between the sigmoid notch and the antegonial notch was, longer the vertical ramal length above occlusal plane, higher the location of mandibular lingula, and shorter the antero-posterior ramal length were observed(p<0.01). Height of ramal bone marrow of Class III Group was higher than that of Class I Group in men and women(p<0.01). Distance between mandibular canal and buccal cortex of Class III Group in 1st and 2nd lower molars was shorter than that of Class I Group in men and women (p<0.05 in 1st lower molar in men, p<0.01 in others). These results indicate that there are some anatomical differences between the normal occlusal patients and the mandibular prognathic patients, such as the anterior-posterior length of ramus, the height of ramal bone marrow, and the location of mandibular canal.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.59-66
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• 2003

As a basic research material to make more efficient healthcare and health promotion for dental hygienists, this study intends to determine which factors may affect their awareness of occupational diseases. For this sake, this study attempted to investigate into a variety of literatures and data, and applied a questionnaire survey to 160 dental hygienists for about 5 months(from June to October 2003), who were all employed in domestic dental clinics or offices. As a result of analysis, this study can be concluded as follows: (1) The result of analyzing how dental hygienists recognized their occupational diseases showed that 'stiffness in muscle, neck or shoulder due to intensive use of specific physical regions' and 'stress resulting from the attributes of each task' reached the highest awareness(90.6%) of all, which was followed by 'lower eyesight due to detailed or even sophisticated tasks for many hours(65%)' and 'symptoms of ruptured disk due to standing tasks as dental hygienists do for many hours(62.5%).' (2) The result of analyzing how dental hygienists recognize their occupational diseases showed that their awareness averaged 7.28 points out of 14 points, which implies that their awareness of occupational diseases is not very high. Meanwhile, the result of examining how they recognize detrimental or harmful properties of given materials against human body showed that a majority of total respondents(74.4%) regarded given materials as detrimental to human body. (3) The result of examining how dental hygienists recognize their occupational diseases showed that a majority of total respondents(91.9%) identified their own occupational diseases. Many of total respondents(41.9%) pointed out that environmental improvement around workshop in each clinic or office should be foremost prerequisite to health and welfare for dental hygienists. Next, 34.4% of total respondents pointed out the necessity to perform in-house health diagnosis and examination on a regular basis, and 13.1% of total respondents thought it necessary to carry on healthcare education into harmful properties in the aspect of dental materiology, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.213-246
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• 2016

Algific talus slopes tend to occur on steep north-facing slopes with bedrock that retains ice and emits cold air throughout the growing season. Algific talus slopes provide a suitable microclimate for disjunct or relict populations of northern plant species at low altitude habitats in temperate zones. The purpose of this study is to suggest a strategy for the comprehensive conservation of the vegetation of algific talus slopes through studies of the floristics and plant species compositions and threat factors at present and in the future of 15 major algific talus slopes in Korea. As a result, the vascular plants surveyed on 15 major algific talus slopes were recorded, with a total of 587 taxa, 109 families, 323 genera, 531 species, 7 subspecies, 47 varieties 1 form and 1 hybrid. Of them, endemic plants numbered 26 taxa, and threatened species according to the IUCN valuation basis numbered 8 taxa. Fourth (IV) and fifth (V) degree indicator species as specified by floristic subregions numbered 31 taxa. Peculiarly, several subalpine-native plant species, in this case Cystopteris fragilis, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Huperzia selago, Rosa koreana, Vaccinium vitis-idaea and Woodsia hancockii, were distributed on algific talus slopes at 100-600 m above sea level. Numerous and diverse biological resources native to algific talus slopes in Korea have been consistently disturbed or damaged by human activities without some form of protection. An all-taxa biodiversity inventory should be surveyed to provide more information about all biological species living on algific talus slopes. In addition, conservation strategies to ensure biodiversity and effective management of algific talus slopes are discussed in detail.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1991

The effect of 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DDG) on $C_3H$ mouse fibrosarcoma(FSall) was studied. Metabolic status, especially for energy metabolism, was studied using in vivo $^{31}P$-MRS, proliferative capacity was observed on flow cytometry(FC) and growth rate was measured after transplantation of $10^6$ viable tumor cells in the dorsum of foot of $C_3Hf/Sed$ mice. One gram of 2-DDG Per kg of body weight was injected intraperitoneally on 12th day of implantation. Average tumor size on 12th day of implantion was $250mm^3$. Growth rate of Fsall tumor was measured by tumor doubling time and slope on semilog plot. After 2-DDG injection, growth rate slowed down. Tumor doubling time between tumor age 5-12 days was 0.84 days with slope 0.828 and tumor doubling time between tumor age 13-28 days was 3.2 days with slope 0.218 in control group. After 2-DDG injection, tumor doubling time was elongated to 5.1 days with slope 0.136. The effect of 2-DDG studied in vivo $^{31}P$-MRS suggested that the increase of phosphomonoester (PME) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) by increasing size of tumor, slowed down after 2-DDG injection. Flow cytometry showed significantly increased S-phase and $G_2+M$ phase fraction suggesting increased proliferative capacity of tumor cells in the presence of 2-DDG. Authors observed an interesting effect of 2-DDG on FSall tumor and attempt to utilize as an adjunct for radiotherapy.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.78-95
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• 2011

This study has developed various DEMs with different spatial resolutions using many different interpolation methods with the aid of a 1:5,000 digital map. In addition, this study has evaluated the vertical accuracy of various DEMs constructed by check point data obtained from the network RTK GPS survey. The obtained results suggest that a DEM developed from the TIN-based Terrain method performs well in evaluating height restriction of buildings in a flying safety area considering general RMSE values, land-type RMSE values and profile evaluation results, etc. And, it has been found that three meters is the right spatial resolution for a DEM in evaluating height restriction of buildings in a flying safety area. Meanwhile, elevation values obtained by the DEM are not point estimation values but interval estimation values. This can be used to check whether the height of buildings in the vicinity of an airfield violates height limitation values of the area. To check whether the height of buildings measured in interval estimation values violates height limitation values of the area, this study has adopted three steps: 1) high probability of violation, 2) low probability of violation, 3) inconclusiveness about the violation. The obtained results will provide an important basis for developing a GIS related to the evaluation of height restriction of buildings in the vicinity of an airfield. Furthermore, although results are limited to the study area, the vertical accuracy values of the DEM constructed from a two-dimensional digital map may provide useful information to researchers who try to use DEMs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.942-952
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• 2008

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the quality of take-out services at restaurants in Chungbuk Province. A questionnaire survey by 450 customers who had experience in take-out service at the restaurants was conducted and 378 completed questionnaires were available for statistical evaluation. Statistical analyses were made of raw data by SAS V8.2. The scale for analyzing the importance and performance of the service quality was composed of 5-point Likert scales. The main results of this study are as follow: The quality attributes of take-out service were rearranged into four factors in terms of food, sanitation, access and service. The importance score was higher than performance score. IPA showed that 'freshness of food material', 'cleanliness and hygiene in food', 'sanitation of facilities', 'neatness of employees' and 'price in food' was included in 'focus here' area. There was significantly positive correlation between factors such as food, sanitation, access, service and overall customer satisfaction (p<.001); between factors and repurchasing intentions (p<.001); and between customer satisfaction and repurchasing intentions (p<.001). According to multiple regression analysis, 26.27% of the variance in respondents' overall satisfaction score and 9.21% of the variance in respondents' repurchasing intention score could be explained by factors such as food, sanitation, access and service.