• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.227-236
• /
• 2010

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential use of ginseng leaf as a cosmetic material. In this research, we employed enzymatic treated ginseng leaf by using Ultraflo L to improve the recovery of ginsenosides from the ginseng leaf and studied the biological activities and skin safety of the enzymatic treated ginseng leaf for use as a cosmetic material. The total ginsenoside contents of the non-enzymatic treated ginseng leaf (NEGL) and Ultraflo L treated ginseng leaf (UTGL) were 271 and 406 mg/g, respectively. The level of metabolite ginsenosides (sum of Rg2, Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, compound K, Rh1, Rh2, and F2) was higher in UTGL (93.1 mg) compared to NEGL (62.4 mg) in one gram ginseng leaf extract. The increase in amounts of ginsenoside types in UTGL compared to NEGL was generally 140% to 157%. UTGL exhibited relatively higher 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate ($IC_{50}$, 2.8 mg/mL) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt ($IC_{50}$, 1.6 mg/mL) radical scavenging activities compared to NEGL (4.8 mg/mL and 2.2 mg/mL). The UTGL group showed normalized hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation and visual wrinkling grade induced-UVB exposure. The UTGL did not induce any adverse reactions such as erythema and edema on intact skin sites; however, some guinea pigs treated with UTGL on abraded skin sites showed very slight erythema. The primary irritation index (PII) score of UTGL was 0.05 and it was classified as a practically non-irritating material (PII, 0 to 0.5). In skin sensitization tests with guinea pigs, UTGL had a positive rate of skin sensitization at 40%, and the mean evaluation score was 0.4.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.41 no.2
• /
• pp.181-187
• /
• 2015

In this study, the methanol fraction and aglycone fraction were made from Gynura procumbens (G. procumbens) extracts and their antioxidative effects were investigated. The free radical scavenging activity (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH), total antioxidant capacity by luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay, and the protective effects against reactive oxygen species (ROS) in erythrocytes were measured to evaluate the antioxidative activities of the extracts. Free radical scavenging activities ($FSC_{50}$) of the methanol fraction and aglycone fraction were 90.25 and $81.38{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Total antioxidant capacities ($OSC_{50}$) of the methanol fraction and aglycone fraction were 16.96 and $12.30{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The free radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity of the aglycone fraction were greater than those of methanol fraction. The cellular protective effect on the $^1O_2$-induced cellular damage of human erythrocytes was confirmed by ${\tau}_{50}$ value. The ${\tau}_{50}$ value of the methanol fraction and aglycone fraction were 36.7 min and 76.1 min, respectively in $5{\mu}g/mL$, and the aglycone fraction showed about 2 times higher cellular protecive effect than (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol (35.4 min). These results indicate that the aglycone fraction of G. procumbens extracts has application possibility as antioxidant ingredient of cosmetic.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2019

Objectives : Amyloid ${\beta}(A{\beta})$ could induce cognitive deficits through oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuron death in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study was investigated the effect of Angelica keiskei KOIDZUMI (AK) on memory in $A{\beta}$-induced an AD model. Methods : AK was extracted uses 70% ethanol solvent. Total polyphenol and flavonoids content were obtained by the Folin-Ciocalteu and the Ethylene glycol colorimetric methods, respectively. The antioxidant activities were assessed through free radical scavenging assays using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) methods. Intracerebroventrical (i.c.v) injection of $A{\beta}$ 1-42 was used to induce AD in male ICR mice, followed by administrations of 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg AK on a daily. Animals were subjected to short and long term memory behavior in Y-maze and passive avoidance test. Results : The total polyphenol and flavonoids contents of the AK extract were $88.73{\pm}6.36mg$ gallic acid equivalent/g, $84.21{\pm}5.04mg$ rutin equivalent/g, respectively. The assays of DPPH and ABTS revealed that AK extract in treated concentrations (31.25, 62.5, 125, 250, 500, $1000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) increased antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner. Oral administration of AK extract significantly reversed the $A{\beta}$ 1-42-induced decreasing of the spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze test and $A{\beta}$ 1-42-induced shorting of the step-through latency in the passive avoidance test. Conclusions : The findings suggest that AK indicated the antioxidant protective effects against $A{\beta}$-induced memory deficits, and therefore a potential lead natural therapeutic drug or agent for AD.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.203-210
• /
• 2017

The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of three kinds of strawberry ethanol extracts from Robus corchorifolius L. f. (RCL), Rubus parvifolius L. var. parvifolius (RPL), and Duchesnea chrysantha Miq. (DCM) were investigated. The RPL was highest (P<0.05) in phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical scavenging activities of RPL and DCM extracts were higher than that of RCL (P<0.05). Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity of RPL was high compared to DCM and RCL (P<0.05). RCL exhibited a significant (P<0.05) potent antioxidant activity in nitric oxide radical inhibition. Inhibition diameter zone (nearest mm) of extracts against the test bacteria ranged from 11.5 in RCL to 12.5 in DCM against Staphylococcus aureus, from 10.5 in RCL to 13.5 in DCM against Streptococcus pneumoniae, from 8.5 in DCM to 10.5 in RCL against Escherichia coli, and the same inhibition of 10 mm in three of the extracts against Klebsiella pneumoniae. However, there was no inhibition against fungi Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. Three of the extracts had the same minimum inhibitory concentration values of 12.50, 12.50, and $6.25{\mu}g/mL$ against S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, and S. pneumoniae, respectively. On the other hand, MIC values of 12.50, 12.50, and $6.50{\mu}g/mL$ were recorded for RPL, DCM, and RCL against E. coli, respectively. The result of present study revealed that extracts from three kinds of strawberries could be potential candidates as antioxidant and antimicrobial sources for functional food industries.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.53 no.3
• /
• pp.388-394
• /
• 2020

An emerging interest in healthy eating has led to an increase in the consumption of rice mixed with various types of grains. Cooked rice was prepared with five different seaweeds, Hizikia fusiformis, Sargassum fulvellum, Enteromorpha compressa, Undaria pinnatifida, and Gracilaria verrucosa, and the antioxidant activity was measured. In addition, the antioxidant activities of 80% ethanol and methanol extracts of the five seaweeds were compared. Total phenolic content (TPC), total reducing power (TRP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) cation radical scavenging activities of the ethanol extracts were higher than those of the methanol extracts. The TPC of raw seaweed ethanol extracts was from 7.58 to 26.27 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g. The antioxidant activities of both extracts of Hizikia fusiformis were the highest among the five seaweeds, and the antioxidant activities of the cooked rice were lower than those of the raw seaweed extracts. The DPPH radical scavenging activities of cooked white rice, mixed grains, barley, and a mixture of white rice and barely added with Hizikia fusiformis, Sargassum fulvellum and Undaria pinnatifida were 3.17, 23.12, 31.11 and 10.66%, respectively. These results demonstrate the addition of seaweeds to cooked rice helps to improve the antioxidant activity compared to white rice alone.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.32 no.6
• /
• pp.611-619
• /
• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of Codonopsis lanceolata 50% ethanol extract, and its solvent fractions (n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EA), n-butanol, water). The main components of the EA fraction were qualitatively analyzed using UPLC Q-ToF/MS. Additionally, a quantitative analysis was performed using UPLC. As a result, the total polyphenol content was 113.36 mg gallic acid/g in the EA fraction, which contained the largest amount of the C. lancolata solvent fractions. Also EA showed the highest antioxidant activity than other fractions. The IC₅₀ of DPPH(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity was 0.03 mg/mL and the IC₅₀ of ABTS [2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate)] radical scavenging activity was 0.049 mg/mL. The EA fraction showed tyrosinase inhibitory activity than other fractions and especially inhibited monophenolase oxidase reaction higher than diphenolase oxidase reaction. The monophenolase oxidase inhibited 55% when the concentration of the EA fraction was 0.25 mg/mL. As a result of Q-ToF/MS analysis, it was confirmed that tangshenoside I and lobetyolin were the main components of EA fraction. Thus, these results suggest that C. lanceolata may be used as a potent source of cosmetic agents.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.169-175
• /
• 2015

Shinseoncho and kale were made into green vegetable juices by building block [shinsenocho branch (SB), shinsenocho leaf (SL), kale branch (KB), and kale leaf (KL)]. Fluctuations in their phenolic contents and antioxidant capacities were analyzed during refrigerated storage at $4^{\circ}C$ for 28 days. Total polyphenolic contents of leaf parts showed a decreasing tendency after 4 days (SL) or 7 days (KL), whereas branch parts showed fluctuating values during the entire storage period. The 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging capacity was rapidly decreased in SB and in SL at 28 days (P<0.001), whereas KL showed a slightly increasing tendency after 14 days. For the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity, SL showed a sharp fall at 28 days (P<0.001), and KL showed a decreasing tendency after 14 days (P<0.001). SB showed a steady decrease during the entire storage period and KB indicated a nearly zero (0.97%) at 28 days. Pearson's coefficients for the correlation between antioxidant capacities measured by the ABTS and DPPH assays, and the total polyphenolic contents were determined. The results showed that the ABTS assay (r=0.934, P<0.001) was more strongly positively correlated with the total phenolic contents than the DPPH assay (r=0.630, P<0.001). In conclusion, when considering all building blocks, green vegetable juices, including kale and shinseoncho may have kept antioxidant capacities for up to 14 days under refrigeration, and the ABTS assay better reflects a positive correlation with the total phenolic contents when compared to the DPPH assay.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
• /
• v.36 no.6
• /
• pp.622-632
• /
• 2021

This study was conducted to find out the optimal solvent extraction method [Distilled water (DW), 70% ethanol, 99% ethanol] of mushrooms, including Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) Que, Pleurotus eryngii and Flammulina velutipes and improve their usability as natural antioxidants. To analyze antioxidant activities in each mushroom, total polyphenol, flavonoid contents, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) cation radical (ABTS⁺) and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) were measured. All mushrooms showed the highest total polyphenol contents in DW mushroom extract (p<0.001). Total flavonoid contents were the highest in P. eryngii and F. velutipes DW and 70% ethanol mushroom extracts (p<0.05). All mushrooms showed the highest activities using DPPH and FRAP assays in the DW extraction method (p<0.001). P. ostreatus (Jacq.) Que and P. eryngii showed the highest ABTS⁺ radical scavenging activity in the DW extraction method, and F. velutipes showed the highest activity in the 70% ethanol extraction method (p<0.001). As a result of comparing IC₅₀ values of DPPH and ABTS+ radicals and FRAP EC₅₀ values, the DW P. ostreatus (Jacq.) Que extract showed high antioxidant activities (p<0.001). Pearson's correlation between total polyphenol contents and antioxidant activities showed a positive correlation in all mushrooms (p<0.01). Therefore, extraction of the mushrooms with DW can enhance the extraction of effective bioactive substances and antioxidant activity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
• /
• v.38 no.2
• /
• pp.112-118
• /
• 2023

Seaweed-derived foods have long been popular in Korea because of their high content of nutrients that are beneficial to the human body. Recently, Korean seaweeds have been used as raw materials to produce new natural products with health benefits. Herein, we compared the antioxidant activity of 16 Korean seaweed extracts to explore their potential utility as health foods. The total phenolic content (TPC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of seaweed extracts were determined. We also investigated their ability to protect human diploid fibroblast (HDF) cells against hydrogen peroxide. The results showed that seaweed extracts at a concentration of 100 ㎍/mL did not cause any cell toxicity. Sargassum thunbergii (Jichung-i) had the highest TPC and radical scavenging effects, followed by Porphyra tenera (Gim), Silvetia siliquosa (Tteumbugi), and Sargassum fusiforme (Tot). Hydrogen peroxide increased the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species, while P. tenera (Gim), Saccharina japonica (Dasima), and S. thunbergii (Jichung-i) extracts significantly decreased it. The effect was highest in the S. thunbergii (Jichung-i)-treated HDF cells. These findings indicate that S. thunbergii (Jichung-i) shows promise as a potential antioxidant raw material.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.36 no.6
• /
• pp.657-662
• /
• 2007

Antioxidant properties of Artemisia princeps Pamp were determined using in vitro assay systems against 1,1-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, superoxide ($O_2{^-}$), hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$), hydroxyl radical ($HO{\cdot}$) and nitric oxide (NO) radical, as well as rat liver microsomal lipid peroxidation. Among the five solvent fractions, ethyl acetate fractions showed the highest total polyphenol and flavonoid contents at $311.35{\mu}g/mg\;and\;92.73{\mu}g/mg$, respectively. Ethyl acetate fractions, except for $H_2O_2$ scavenging activity, also showed the highest scavenging activity; the 50% inhibitory concentration ($IC_{50},\;{\mu}g/mg$) values for DPPH, superoxide, $HO{\cdot}$ and NO radical scavenging were 52.71, 26.47, 58.92 and 65.94, respectively. Additionally, the highest inhibition of rat liver microsomal lipid peroxidation was observed by ethyl a cetate fraction.