• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.383-398
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• 2009

We have investigated chemical properties of the pigments and carried out the deterioration diagnosis using nondestructive techniques of the wall painting in Yaksajeon Hall of Gwanyongsa Temple. As the results of pigments analysis, it was unusual that the cobalt was detected in the blue and green colors used to traditional paint background. According to the deterioration diagnosis, ultrasonic measurement and infrared thermography, dominant cracks and exfoliation caused by high content of moisture. Therefore, it should be devised effective plan to prevent penetration of water for the long term this wall painting.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.86-101
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• 2012

The constituting rocks of Multi-storied Round shape stone Pagoda of Unjusa Temple are lithic tuff and rhyolite tuff breaccia which show green or grey and also rock fragment with poor roundness are present in the structure. lithic tuff is composed of feldspar and quartz which are glassy texture and cryptocrystalline and also micro crystalline are scattered. phenocryst quartz and feldspar in the substrate composed of feldspar and opaque minerals are found in rhyolite tuff breaccia. dust, exfoliation, cavity, fracture and crack are observed in all the stone of the pagoda and the result of Infrared Thermography shows partial inter cavities have developed severely which may cause further exfoliation. In addition, a great deal of various grey, green, and yellow brown lichen as well as bryophyte are present at the upper part of eastern and western roof stone located above the third floor. Discolors remarkably shown at stereobate and roof stone are identified as inorganic pollutants such as manganese oxide, iron oxide and iron hydroxide. The stone of the pagoda of the Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) and the Weathering Potential Index (WPI) are 55.69 and 1.12 respectively and this corresponds to a highly weathered stage. The measured values, average ultrasonic velocity 2,892m/s, coefficient of weathering 0.4k and compressive strength $1,096kg/cm^3$, suggest that the rock strength and durability are weakened.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.543-552
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• 2015

This study examines the processes of rock weathering and tafoni formation targeting tafoni at Mt. Cheonsaeng, Gumi-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do. In the study area, a frequency of tafoni is high in conglomerate and conglomeratic sandstone among regional sedimentary rocks, which means that an initial stage of the formation begins a breakaway of gravel from bedrock and also exfoliation from rock surface. Geomorphologically tafoni have intensively been developed at the southfacing slope with exposed rocks, which means that its formation was favorably controlled by environmental conditions including strong influences of mechanical weathering in winter and chemical weathering in summer times. The results of measuring water content at a tafoni-bearing rock surface using GIS interpolation analysis indicate that moisture rate in/around tafoni is higher than the periphery. Thus, it is considered that moisture distribution at a rock surface plays a role in its formation. Analysis of percipitation and secondary minerals induced by chemical weathering is in progress.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.313-316
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• 2002

비철금속 습식 제련용 고효율 장수명의 양극을 개발하기 위해서 산소 과전압이 낮은 $MnO_{2}$를 촉매로 사용하여 반도체 산화물계의 산소선택성 전극을 제조하고 산화물 coating층의 미세구조와 전기화학적 특성을 분석하였다. PVDF : $MnO_{2}$의 함량비플 1 : 1 에서 1 : 40까지 정량적으로 변화시켰고， 용제의 점도에 지배적인 영향을 미치는 DMF의 함량을 각각의 고정된 PVDF : $MnO_{2}$의 함량비에서 변화시켜 용제를 제조하였으며 4% $HNO_{3}$ 용액에 세척된 Pb전극을 1.5 mm/sec 의 속도로 5회 dipping 하였다. PVDF : $MnO_{2}$ = 1 : 6인 경우 PVDF의 양이 증가하고 DMF의 양이 감소할수록 피막층이 두꺼워지고 PVDF : DMF = 4 : 96인 경우 pb 전극의 피막층이 얇기 때문에 박리현상이 일어났으며 이는 산화물 용제의 낮은 점도 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 또한 PVDF : DMF = 10 : 90의 경우는 5회 dipping 하여 약 $150{\mu}m$의 피막층을 형성하였다. PVDF : Mn02의 함량비가 1:1에서 1:6 까지는 DMF의 함량에 무관하게 전극 특성이 나타나지 않았지만 $MnO_{2}$의 양이 상대적으로 증가하면 cycle 이 증가하더라도 거의 일정한 전류 값을 갖고$MnO_2$와 PVDF의 비가 20:1 이상의 조성에서는 균일한 CV 특성을 나타냈다 이는 $MnO_{2}$가 효과적으로 촉매 작용을 한 것으로 판단되며 anodic polarization에 의한 산소 발생 과전압도 약 1.4V 정도로 감소되었다.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 2003.03a
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• pp.200-200
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• 2003

고체산화물 연료전지(SOFC)에서 사용되는 연결재의 주 기능은 각 단위 셀의 연료극과 다음 셀의 공기극을 전기적으로 연결하여, 공기와 사용연료의 분리역할을 하기 위하여 사용된다. SOFC용 연결재는 다른 구성요소 소재보다, 높은 전자 전도성, 낮은 이온전도성, 우수한 기계 적강도가 요구되며, SOFC는 고온에서 작동되기 때문에, 상온에서 작동온도까지 다른 요소 소재들과 유사한 열팽창계수와 물리, 화학적으로 안정성이 요구된다. 현재 연결재 제조기술은 EVD, CVD, plasma spraying, tape casting 등 다양하게 연구되고 있으며, 본 연구는 세라믹 연결재 증착방법 중 저렴한 비용으로 대량 생산이 용이한 습식법(dip coaling)을 적용하여, 연료극 지지체식 flat-tube형 고체산화물 연료전지의 지지체를 위해 세라믹 연결재를 제조하고, 그 특성을 연구하였다. 세라믹 연결재로써 선정한 합성조성은 LaCr $O_3$에 Ca이 치환 고용된 L $a_{0.6}$C $a_{0.41}$Cr $O_3$으로 pechini법으로 합성하였다. 합성된 조성은 100$0^{\circ}C$에서 5시간 하소후 가속 Ball Milling하여 0.5$\mu\textrm{m}$의 평균입자크기를 얻을 수 있었다. XRD 상분석결과 perovskite상 (L $a_{1-x}$ Ca/x/Cr $O_3$)과 CaCr $O_4$를 얻을 수 있었다. slurry를 제조하여 막의 밀착성을 증진시키기 위해 sand blasting시킨 flat tube지지체에 진공펌프를 이용하여 소재내부와 외부의 압력차로 dip coating한 후, 140$0^{\circ}C$로 소결 하였다. coating 결과 박리현상은 없었으나, 표면과 단면의 SEM분석결과 다소 porous한 박막층이 형성되었으며, Ca이온이 지지체로 permeation되는 현상이 발생하였다. 이와 같은 결과로부터 보다 치밀한 박막생성을 위해, slurry 제조조건을 변화시켰으며, Ca이온의 migration을 막기 위해 barrier layer를 이용하였다 완전 소결된 지지체는 가스투과도와 전기전도도측정을 통하여 특성을 평가하였다.였다.다.

• Clean Technology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.195-201
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• 2004

Cellulase was modified with copolymer with polyethylene(PE)/polypropylene(PP) oxide and maleic anhydride(MA) by maleylation reaction, and modified cellulase was applied to the reprocessing of old newsprint (ONP). Cellulase of modified cellulase enhanced the detachment of ink particles by fibrillation of fiber. The copolymer, which acted as the surfactant formed bubbles and removed the ink particles in the floatation process. Modified cellulase showed the same deinking ability without excess dosage compared with the conventional method. And, it improved the physical properties including tensile strength, brightness, and whiteness compared with the conventional deinking process. The bond between the ink and fiber got stronger as the storage time increased, and it became very difficult to remove the ink particle. But, modified cellulase increased the deinking ability by 41% compared with the conventional process at the experiment of the ONP for 1 year storage time. It removed the yellowing and increased the whiteness and brightness as well as tensile strength and internal bond strength.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.225-234
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• 2004

The Chungung-dong 5-storied pagoda (Treasure No. 12) in the nnm, Korea was studied on the basis of petrological weathering and deterioration diagnosis. Frontal part of the pagoda is looked out on the N30$^{\circ}$W. Constitution rocks of this pagoda show augen gneiss and biotite granite. Host rock of the pagoda was highly exfoliation and discoloration, therefore most rock-forming minerals were altered to the clay minerals due to the mineralogical and chemical weathering. Open cavity and rock surface occur partly green and black patchs because of contamination by algae, lichen and moss, and the lower part of the pagoda is transition to the some weeds. This biological problems are need for cleaning and chemical treatments. For the structural stability, the pagoda is rebuilt without open gap between the each rock materials. All iron plates eliminate from the difference gap of the rock materials, and properly conservation treatments need to be repaired petro-filler for stone cultural properties and water curtain for the humidity attenuation of the ground.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.162-166
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• 2013

Graphene-coated polymer particles have attracted research interests due to their emerging applications derived from their controlled structure and morphology. To control the properties of graphene oxide (GO)-polystyrene (PS) composite particles, the adsorption time and instantaneous adsorption conditions were investigated by varying their mixing method. Polystyrene particles prepared by emulsion polymerization were modified to have positive surface charge by adsorption of polyethylene imine (PEI) on the surface of PS particles. GO prepared by the chemical exfoliation method had negative surface charge from the oxygenated groups. The adsorption of the negatively charged GOs onto the positively charged PS particles was successfully completed, and it was found that a longer adsorption time and a greater difference in the instantaneous relative concentration led PS-GO particles to have more homogeneously coated surfaces without aggregation.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 2019

We report a supercapacitor cable, which consists of three-dimensional (3D) porous graphene coated onto the surface of carbon thread. The 3D porous framework of graphene was constructed by microwave-activated process using a graphene oxide-coated carbon thread. The use of microwave irradiation enabled to convert graphene oxide into reduced graphene oxide without any reducing agents and activate graphene sheets into exfoliated and porous graphene sheets. Combining two wire electrodes with a polymer gel electrolyte successfully completed supercapacitor device in a form of cable construction. The supercapacitor cables were highly flexible, and thus can be transformed into various shapes of devices and be integrated into textile items. A high area-capacitance of 38.1 mF/cm was obtained at a scan rate of 10 mV/s. This capacitance was retained 88% of its original value at 500 mV/s. The cycle life was also demonstrated by repeating a charge/discharge process during 10,000 cycles even under bent states, showing a high capacitance retention of 96.5%.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 2014

Effects of wet chemical treatment and thermal cycle conditions on the quantitative interfacial adhesion energy of $Cu/SiN_x$ thin film interfaces were evaluated by 4-point bending test method. The test samples were cleaned by chemical treatment after Cu chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP). The thermal cycle test between Cu and $SiN_x$ capping layer was experimented at the temperature, -45 to $175^{\circ}C$ for 250 cycles. The measured interfacial adhesion energy increased from 10.57 to $14.87J/m^2$ after surface chemical treatment. After 250 thermal cycles, the interfacial adhesion energy decreased to $5.64J/m^2$ and $7.34J/m^2$ for without chemical treatment and with chemical treatment, respectively. The delaminated interfaces were confirmed as $Cu/SiN_x$ interface by using the scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectroscopy. From X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis results, the relative Cu oxide amounts between $SiN_x$ and Cu decreased by chemical treatment and increased after thermal cycle. The thermal stress due to the mismatch of thermal expansion coefficient during thermal cycle seemed to weaken the $Cu/SiN_x$ interface adhesion, which led to increased CuO amounts at Cu film surface.