• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.690-702
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• 2009

Liparis tessellatus(cubed snailfish), Hemitripterus villosus(shaggy sea raven), Ligularia fischeri, and Cirsiu setidens, which are staple products in Samcheok, were studied as food resources for the development of a representative local menu. Thus, their nutritional compositions were analyzed, and the resulting values were used to assess the nutritional characteristics of the newly-developed menu. In Liparis tessellatus and Hemitripterus villosus, the organic components including protein and fat tended to be lower than the corresponding values referred to as the 'Seventh Revision Food Composition Table' (2006), which was presumably linked to the spawning period of the fish. The contents of Zn, Cu, and Mg, which are nutritionally important even though the consumption of these minerals by Koreans is not sufficient, were determined to 0.5, 0.2, and 34.3 mg/100 g for Ligularia fischeri, and 26.2, 1.1, and 147.7 mg/100 g for dried Cirsiu setidens. Cirsiu setidens cultivated in Samcheok contained noticeably higher amounts of calcium, zinc, and iron, and its calcium level was more than an order of magnitude higher than that provided by the Food Composition Table. This might be associated with the fact of that Samcheok is abundant in lime which consists of calcium-containing inorganic materials. n-3 fatty acids including docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) accounted for 21% and 13% of the total fatty acids, for Liparis tessellatus and Hemitripterus villosus, respectively, and the major amino acids were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glycine, and alanine for both fish. One of the newly developed menus, Cirsiu setidens hae-jang-gook, was nutritionally superior to the corresponding menu that used dried radish leaves, a typical ingredient in hae-jang-gook, in terms of the protein, iron, and zinc contents. Rice pottage cooked with Liparis tessellatus instead of abalone was high in protein, calcium, iron and zinc, where one serving provided 29.1, 15.4, 31.0, and 27.8% of their Reference Intake (RI)s, respectively.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.95-100
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• 2007

The cellulase gene of Bacillus licheniformis K11 which has plant growth-promoting activity by auxin and antagonistic ability by siderophore was cloned in pUC18 using PCR employing heterologous primers. The 1.6kb PCR fragment contained the full sequence of the cellulase gene, denoted celW which has been reported to encode a 499 amino acid protein. Similarity search in protein data base revealed that the cellulase from B. licheniformis K11 was more than 97% identical in amino acid sequence to those of various Bacillus spp. The cellulase protein from B. licheniformis K11, overproduced in E. coli DH5${\alpha}$ by the lac promoter on the vector, had apparent molecular weight of 55 kDa upon CMC-SDS-PAGE analysis. The protein not only had enzymatic activity toward carboxymethyl-cellulose (CMC), but also was able to degrade insoluble cellulose, such as Avicel and filter paper (Whatman$^{\circledR}$ No. 1). In addition, the cellulase could degrade a fungal cell wall of Phytophthora capsici. Consequently B. licheniformis K11 was able to suppress the peperblight causing P. capsici by its cellulase. Biochemical analysis showed that the enzyme had a maximum activity at 60$^{\circ}C$ and pH 6.0. Also, the enzyme activity was activated by Co$^{2+}$ of Mn$^{2+}$ but inhibited by Fe$^{3+}$ or Hg$^{2+}$. Moreover, enzyme activity was not inhibited by SDS or sodium azide.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.137-150
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• 2007

Trees emit phytoncide into atmosphere to protect them from predation. Phytoncide from different trees has its own unique fragrance that is referred to as forest bath. Phytoncide, which is essential oil of trees, has microbicidal, insecticidal, acaricidal, and deodorizing effect. The present study was performed to examine the effect of phytoncide on Porphyromonas gingivalis, which is one of the most important causative agents of periodontitis and halitosis. P. gingivalis 2561 was incubated with or without phytoncide extracted from Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb. et Zucc.; Japanese cypress) and then changes were observed in its cell viability, antibiotic sensitivity, morphology, and biochemical/molecular biological pattern. The results were as follows: 1. The phytoncide appeared to have a strong antibacterial effect on P. gingivalis. MIC of phytoncide for the bacterium was determined to be 0.008%. The antibacterial effect was attributed to bactericidal activity against P. gingivalis. It almost completely suppressed the bacterial cell viability (>99.9%) at the concentration of 0.01%, which is the MBC for the bacterium. 2. The phytoncide failed to enhance the bacterial susceptibility to ampicillin, cefotaxime, penicillin, and tetracycline but did increase the susceptibility to amoxicillin. 3. Numbers of electron dense granules, ghost cell, and vesicles increased with increasing concentration of the phytoncide, 4. RT-PCR analysis revealed that expression of superoxide dismutase was increased in the bacterium incubated with the phytoncide. 5. No distinct difference in protein profile between the bacterium incubated with or without the phytoncide was observed as determined by SDS-PAGE and immunoblot. Overall results suggest that the phytoncide is a strong antibacterial agent that has a bactericidal action against P. gingivalis. The phytoncide does not seem to affect much the profile of the major outer membrane proteins but interferes with antioxidant activity of the bacterium. Along with this, yet unknown mechanism may cause changes in cell morphology and eventually cell death.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.50-57
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• 2015

Control of nematode has become difficult owing to the restricted use of effective soil fumigant, methyl bromide, and other non-fumigant nematicides. Therefore, it is urgently necessary to develop microbial nematicide to replace chemical nematicides. In this study, the 50% aqueous methanol extraction solution of fermentation broths of 2,700 actinomycete strains were tested for their nematicidal activity against second stage of juveniles (J2s) of Meloidogyne incognita. As the results, only the 50% aqueous methanol extraction solution of AN110065, at 20% equivalent to 10% fermentation broth, showed strong nematicidal activity with 78.9% of mortality 24 h after treatment and 94.1% of mortality at 72 h. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that the strain sequence was 99.78% identical to Streptomyces netropsis. The extract of S. netropsis AN110065 fermentation broth was successively partitioned with ethyl acetate and butanol and then the ethyl acetate, butanol and water layers were investigated for their nematicidal activity against the M. incognita. At $1000{\mu}g/ml$, ethyl acetate layer showed the strongest activity of 83.5% of juvenile mortality 72 h after treatment. The pot experiment using the fermentation broth of AN110065 on tomato plant against M. incognita displayed that it evidently suppressed gall formation at a 10-fold diluent treatment. The tomato plants treated with the fermentation broth of S. netropsis AN110065 did not show any phytotoxicity. The results suggest that S. netropsis AN110065 has a potential to serve as microbial nematicide in organic agriculture.

• Proceedings of the Mineralogical Society of Korea Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.84-85
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• 2003

소백산육괴의 동부에 분포하는 영양-울진지역의 선캠브리아기 변성암류는 평해층, 기성층, 원남층, 평해화강편마암, 하다우백질화강편마암 등으로 구성되어 있다(김옥준 외, 1963). 그러나, 최근 김남훈 외(2001, 2002)은 야외조사연구와 암석학적 및 지구화학적 연구를 통하여 주로 변성화산암류로 기재되었던 기성층은 변성화산암류가 아니라 평해층과 원남층에서 산출되는 화강암질편마암과 각섬암 기원의 변성암류가 연성전단변형을 받아 형성된 압쇄암 내지 초압쇄암으로 되어 있고, 기존의 기성층은 변성화산암류와 같이 성분상으로 구분되는 별개의 층이 아닌 구조적으로 만들어진 연성전단대의 중심부일 가능성을 시사한 바가 있다. 본 연구는 연성전단대의 연장성 및 연성전단대 형성과 관련된 지구조운동의 특성을 파악하고, 중첩된 변형구조들의 선후관계로부터 영양-울진지역 선캠브리아기 변성암류에 대한 변형작용사를 규명하기 위해 기성층의 분포지를 중심으로 이 지역 선캠브리아기 변성암류에 대한 상세한 야외지질조사를 실시하였다. 그 결과, 예천(북후면-평은면)지역을 통과하여 봉화 부근에서 동북동-서남서 방향이 동-서 방향으로 전환하여 장군봉지역까지 연장되는 것으로 알려져 있는 우수 주향 이동성 예천전단대(KIGAM, 1995; 강지훈 외 1997; 강지훈, 2000; 강지훈과 김형식, 2000)는 영양-울진지역까지 연장됨이 확인된다. 또한, 영양-울진지역의 선캠브리아기 변성암류에는 연성전단변형 이전에 적어도 한 번의 습곡작용과 이후에 적어도 두 번의 습곡작용이 인지된다. 각 변형단계별 특징적인 구조요소를 요약하면 다음과 같다. D1 변형: 편마면 내지 편리(S0)가 습곡되어 형성된 F1 습곡은 동-서 방향의 준 수평적인 습곡축을 갖는 뿌리 없는 등사습곡 형태로 인지된다. 양 날개부의 S0 엽리는 F1 습곡축면(S1)으로 완전히 전위된 하나의 엽리(S0-1)로 나타나고, S0-1 엽리는 이 지역의 광역엽리로 인지된다. S0-1 광역엽리는 구성암류의 대상 분포 방향과 유사한 서북서 주향에 북쪽으로 중각 경사하는 집중된 방향성을 보이며 분산되어 나타난다. D2 변형: 변형구조로는 신장선구조, 압쇄구조면, 비대칭습곡 등으로 인지된다. 신장선구조는 S0-1 엽리면상에서 주로 신장된 석영(집합체)과 장석(집합체)들의 정향배열에 의해 정의되고, S0-1 엽리의 주향 방향으로 저각으로 침강하는 집중된 방향성을 보이며 분산되어 나타난다. 신장선구조에 평행하고 S0-1 엽리에 수직한 단면에서는 상부-동쪽-이동의 우수주향 이동성 연성 전단운동감각을 지시하는 구조요소들이 다량 관찰된다. 연성전단변형에 의해 형성된 압쇄구조면은 전단엽리와 압쇄엽리에 각각 해당하는 C면과 S면 등이 인지된다. 전단엽리 C면은 S0-1 광역엽리와 거의 일치하고, 압쇄엽리 S면은 F2 비대칭습곡의 축면엽리와 거의 일치한다. S0-1 엽리를 습곡시키는 F2 비대칭습곡은 S0-1 엽리를 전단면으로 하여 상부-동쪽-이동 전단운동에 의해 형성된 밀착습곡 형태로 인지된다. F2 습곡축은 북동 방향으로 중각 내지 저각 침강하고 F1 습곡축과는 65$^{\circ}$-75$^{\circ}$ 범위의 사이각을 이룬다. F2 습곡축면은 동북동 주향에 북쪽으로 중각으로 경사하고 F1 습곡축면과는 20$^{\circ}$-40$^{\circ}$ 범위의 사이각을 이룬다. D3 변형. S0-1 엽리와 압쇄구조면 등을 습곡시키는 F3 습곡은 준 수평적인 습곡축과 습곡축면을 갖는 개방 횡와습곡의 형태로 인지된다. D4 변형: F4 습곡은 비대칭 공역성 킹크습곡, 공역성 충상단층에 수반되어 나타나는 드래그습곡, 대칭 개방 직림습곡 등의 다양한 습곡 형태로 인지된다. 이들 F4 습곡의 축면엽리는 일반적으로 동-서 주향에 남쪽과 북쪽으로 경사한다. 그 경사각은 비대칭 공역성 킹크습곡(저각), 드래그습곡(중각), 대칭 개방 직립습곡(고각) 순으로 고각을 이룬다. F4 습곡축은 동쪽과 서쪽으로 저각 침강하는 집중된 방향성을 보인다. 공역성 충상단층은 동-서 주향에 남쪽과 북쪽으로 경사하는 단층면과 상부가 북쪽과 남쪽으로 충상하는 운동상을 보인다. 드래그습곡의 축면엽리는 이러한 공역성 충상단층운동의 전단압축방향에 수직으로 발달한다. 이러한 D4 변형구조는 남-북 방향의 압축 지구조 환경하에서 형성된 것으로 고찰된다.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.78-83
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• 2014

In this research, we evaluated the performance and characteristics of carbon supported PtM (M = Ni and Y) alloy catalysts (PtM/Cs) synthesized by a modified polyol method. With the PtM/Cs employed as a catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) of cathodes in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), their catalytic and ORR activities and electrical performance were investigated and compared with those of commercial Pt/C. Their particle sizes, particle distributions and electrochemically active surface areas (EAS) were measured by TEM and cyclic voltammetry (CV), while their ORR activity and electrical performance were explored using linear sweeping voltammetries with rotating disk electrodes and rotating ring-disk electrodes as well as PEMFC single cell tests. TEM and CV measurements show that PtM/Cs have the compatible particle size and EAS with Pt/C. When it comes to ORR activity, PtM/C showed the equivalent or better half-wave potential, kinetic current density, transferred electron number per oxygen molecule and $H_2O_2$ production(%) to or than commerical Pt/C. Based on results gained by the three electrode tests, when the PEMFC single cell tests were carried out, the current density measured at 0.6 V and maximum power density of PEMFC single cell adopting PtM/C catalysts were better than those adopting Pt/C catalyst. It is therefore concluded that PtM/C catalysts synthesized by modified polyol can result in the equivalent or better ORR catalytic capability and PEMFC performance to or than commercial Pt/C catalyst.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.260-269
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• 2009

Hwabuk Dam has been under construction to reduce flood damage in Nakdong River watershed and to supply stable water for middle area of Gyeongbuk Province. Therefore, fish investigation in up and downstream of the dam was conducted from 2004 to 2008 in order to determine any negative effect on fish community due to dam construction and to use as fundamental data for conserving species diversity and maintaining stream health. According to data analysis on water quality, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, suspended solids, and total E-coli had seasonal variation, but they did not significantly differ in sites. However, biological and chemical oxygen demand, chlorophyll-a, nitrogen, and phosphorus representing organic matter and nutrient concentration were higher in upper site and decreased to lower site so that they differed by site. Concentration of arsenic among the heavy metals was less than 0.05 mg $L^{-1}$, which is regulated for protection of human health in water quality standard, except for 0.092 mg $L^{-1}$ in June 2005. During the study period, the total number of fish caught from the 6 sites was 10,263 representing 7 families 19 species. Among them, dominant and subdominant species were Korean chub (Zacco koreanus, 62.5%) and Chinese minnow (Rhynchocypris oxycephalus, 10.6%) which inhabit mostly in mid and upper streams, Korea. Among the 19 species, Korean endemic species were 9 species (47.4%) including Korean slender gudgeon (Squalidus gracilis majimae), Korean dark sleeper (Odontobutis platycephala), and Korean shiner (Coreoleuciscus splendidus). There was several individuals of the $1^{st}$-class endangered species, Naktong nose loach (Koreocobitis nahtongensis), caught in 2005${\sim}$2007, and no introduced species of fish was found in entire sampling period. According to result of community analysis, dominance index decreased toward lower site, but diversity and richness indices increased toward lower site. The equation of length-weight relationship on the dominant species was TW=0.000003$(TL)^{3.2603}$. The parameter b in the equation was greater than 3.0 indicating good nutritional condition in the populations. Compared to populations of Korean chub in other streams, the population in Hwabuk Dam watershed had higher mean of condition factor by size indicating better growth rate. With fish fauna and multi-metric health assessment model in each sampling attempt, index of biotic integrity (IBI) was evaluated and it resulted mostly in good (26${\sim}$35) and excellent (36${\sim}$40) condition in all sites, and the mean of IBI was the highest in site 5. The results indicate that it is very important to study not only environmental impact assessment with fish composition but also stream health assessment in order to conserve healthy aquatic ecosystem.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.21-28
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• 2011

Hibiscus cannabinus L is a plant in the Malvaceae family. Kenaf was seeded at June 1st in 2010 and harvested at November 18th and dried and evaluated worth as a bulking agent for livestock composting. Harvested and dried Kenaf was divided into the bast, core and leaf. All materials were grinded by hammer mill and the moisture absorption, moisture evaporation, pH, volume weight and C/N ratio were measured. Kenaf was higher water absorption and evaporation ability than those of sawdust and chaff. The pH values of Kenaf were pH $2.8{\pm}0.01$ - $4.34{\pm}0.02$, which is lower pH value than those of sawdust (pH $5.28{\pm}0.01$) and chaff (pH $6.3{\pm}0.02$). The C/N ratio of Kenaf showed 649 of core, 204 of bast and 70 of leaf, which were lower than sawdust (789.1) but higher than chaff (132). In volume weight test, the materials were divided by particle size of Kenaf, named as group A(${\geq}4cm$), B(${\leq}4cm$, ${\geq}0.25cm$) and C(${\leq}0.25cm$). The volume of weight of group A and B for core, bast and leaf showed similar, but group C showed higher than those of sawdust and chaff. Especially, the volume weight of group C for leaf was 5 times higher than those of sawdust and chaff. This study suggested the possibility of using Kenaf as a bulk agent for composting of livestock manure. This is considered that strengthen the competitiveness of farmers through reducing the cost, prevention of environmental pollution caused by livestock manure and environmentally friendly processing of livestock manure.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.605-619
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• 2019

The objective of this study was to analyze eutrophication characteristics, empirical model analysis, and variation of water quality according to monsoon intensity in Hapcheon Reservoir for 16 years from 2002 to 2017. Long-term annual water quality analysis showed that Hapcheon Reservoir was in a meso-nutrition to eutrophic condition, and the eutrophic state intensified after the summer monsoon. Annual rainfall volume (high vs. low rainfall) and the seasonal intensity in each year were the key factors that regulate the long-term water quality variation provided that there is no significant change of the point- and non-point source in the watershed. Dry years and wet years showed significant differences in the concentrations of TP, TN, BOD, and conductivity, indicating that precipitation had the most direct influence on nutrients and organic matter dynamics. Nutrient indicators (TP, TN), organic pollution indicators (BOD, COD), total suspended solids, and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), which was an estimator of primary productivity, had significant positive relations (p<0.05) with precipitation. The Chl-a concentration, which is an indicator of green algae, was highly correlated with TP, TN, and BOD, which differed from other lakes that showed the lower Chl-a concentration when nutrients increased excessively. Empirical model analysis of log-transformed TN, TP, and Chl-a indicated that the Chl-a concentration was linearly regulated by phosphorus concentration, but not by nitrogen concentration. Spatial regression analysis of the riverine, transition, and lacustrine zones of $log_{10}TN$, $log_{10}TP$, and $log_{10}CHL$ showed that TN and Chl-a had significant relations (p<0.005) while TN and Chl-a had p > 0.05, indicating that phosphorus had a key role in the algal growth. Moreover, the higher correlation of both $log_{10}TP$ and $log_{10}TN$ to $log_{10}CHL$ in the riverine zone than the lacustrine zone indicated that there was little impact of inorganic suspended solids on the light limitation in the riverine zone.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.824-831
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• 2021

1, 2-Octanediol galactoside (OD-gal) has been synthesized from 1, 2-octanediol (OD), as a safer cosmetic preservative, using recombinant Escherichia coli β-galactosidase (β-gal). To confirm the molecular structure of synthesized OD-gal, mass spectrometry and NMR (¹H- and ¹³C-) spectroscopy of OD-gal were carried out. In the reaction mixture, a sodium adduct ion of OD-gal (m/z=331.1732) was identified using mass spectrometry analysis. In addition, ¹H NMR spectrum of OD-gal showed multiple peaks corresponding to the galactosyl group, which is evidence of galactosylation on OD. Downfield proton peaks at δ_H 4.39 ppm and multiple peaks from δ_H 3.98~3.55 ppm were indicative of galactosylation on OD. Up field proton peaks at δ_H 1.52~1.26 ppm and 0.89 ppm showed the presence of CH₂ and CH₃ protons of OD. ¹³C NMR spectrum revealed the presence of 24 carbons suggestive of α- and β-anomers of OD-gal. Among 14 carbon peaks from each anomer, the 4 peaks at δ_C 31.4, 29.0, 22.3, and 13.7 ppm were assigned to be overlapped showing only 24 peaks out of a total of 28 peaks. The mass value from mass spectrometry analysis of OD-gal, and ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectral data were in good agreement with the expecting structure of OD-gal. Finally, we identified a galactose molecule from the hydrolysate of OD-gal using β-gal. We are expecting that through future study it will eventually be able to develop a safe cosmetic preservative.