• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.47-56
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• 2011

Flame propagation velocity is the one ofmainmechanismof the stabilization of triple flame. To quantify the triple flame propagation velocity, Bilger presents the triple flame propagation velocity depending on the mixture fraction gradient, based on the laminar jet flow theory. However, in spite of these many analyses, there was not presented any relation of these variables, triple flame propagation velocity, radius of flame curvature and scalar dissipation rate indirectly. In the present research, we have checked the results of numerical simulation with experiment and numerical analysis and verified the flame propagation velocity with a scalar dissipation rate proposed by Bilger through the numerical simulation. Also we have clarified that flame propagation velocity was depended on the radius of flame curvature and scalar dissipation rate.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 2012

Autoignited lifted flames in laminar jets with hydrogen-enriched methane fuels have been investigated experimentally in heated coflow air. The results showed that the autoignited lifted flame of the methane/hydrogen mixture, which had an initial temperature over 920 K, the threshold temperature for autoignition in methane jets, exhibited features typical of either a tribrachial edge or mild combustion depending on fuel mole fraction and the liftoff height increased with jet velocity. The liftoff height in the hydrogen-assisted autoignition regime was dependent on the square of the adiabatic ignition delay time for the addition of small amounts of hydrogen, as was the case for pure methane jets. When the initial temperature was below 920 K, where the methane fuel did not show autoignition behavior, the flame was autoignited by the addition of hydrogen, which is an ignition improver. The liftoff height demonstrated a unique feature in that it decreased nonlinearly as the jet velocity increased. The differential diffusion of hydrogen is expected to play a crucial role in the decrease in the liftoff height with increasing jet velocity.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.273-279
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• 2017

In this study, low viscous O/W (oil-in-water) nano-emulsion with fatty acid and fatty alcohol was prepared by phase inversion emulsification method using Tween 80 and Span 80 widely used in cosmetic products. The particle size of the nano-emulsion was increased as increasing the concentration of fatty alcohol in oil phase. Adjusting the HLB of mixed surfactants, a stable nano-emulsion with a narrow size distribution was produced. Similar change in viscosity and electrical conductivity in both systems containing fatty acid and fatty alcohol was shown in the vicinity of the phase inversion point. However, high viscosity was shown in a wide range of different aqueous fraction unlike the system consisting only oils and surfactants. The low viscous nano-emulsion with less than 100 nm droplet size was stable for one month or more at room temperature. O/W nano-emulsions with low viscosity containing fatty acid or fatty alcohol produced by low-energy emulsification method can be widely used as formulations of cosmetics.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 1999.07a
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• pp.146-146
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• 1999

BN은 천연에는 존재하지 않는 인공재료로서 특히 섬아연광형 질화붕소인 c-BN은 다이아몬드 다음가는 고경도, 높은 열전도도를 가지고 있을 뿐만 아니라 다이아몬드와는 달리 철계금속에 대해 화학적으로 매우 안정하기 때문에 다이아몬드의 응용이 매우 제한되고 있는 철강제품의 가공공구, 내마모 코팅재료로서 주목받고 있는 차세대 박막재료이다. 최근 c-BN박막 합성에 관한 많은 연구결과들이 보고되었는데 대부분의 연구자들이 성장하는 박막 표면에 입사되는 이온 에너지 및 유량이 c-BN 합성에 중요한 인자이며, 합성된 박막은 sp2결합층(h-BN)과 sp3결합층(c-BN)이 혼합되어 있음을 알 수 있다. 그러나 기존의 이온빔보조 합성법(IBAD) 공정에서는 입사빔과 증착물질이 공간적, 시간적으로 일치되는 경우에만 입사빔의 운동에너지가 증착공정에 기여하기 때문에 입사빔의 정밀한 에너지 조절이 어렵게 된다. 그러나 음이온 빔 직접 증착법에서는 입사이온빔 자신이 운동에너지를 운반하기 때문에 에너지 조절이 정밀할 뿐만 아니라 이를 통해 BN 박막의 상 및 성장거동을 조절할 수 있게 된다. 본 연구에서는 음이온 직접 증착법을 이용하여 c-BN박막을 합성하고 이의 초기성장층의 성장거동을 조사하였다. 증착시 음이온 빔의 에너지가 Bn 박막의 결정성에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 100~500eV의 보론 음이온빔을 조사하였으며 질소원으로는 낮은 낮은 에너지 범위의 질소이온을 동시에 공급하였다. FRIR 분석결과, 보론 이온의 에너지가 증가하면 cubic 상의 분율이 증가하였으며 증착된 박막은 15nm 두께의 sp2결합층이 먼저 성장한후 sp3결합층으로의 상전이가 일어났다. 질소이온빔의 에너지는 100eV 일 때 최대 cubic 함량과 두께를 보였으며 그 이상의 에너지에서는 c-BN 박막을 sputter시켰다. AFM 관찰결과, h-Bn층은 날카롭고 방향성을 가진 침상이었으며 c-BN 층은 atomically smooth 한 표면을 관찰할 수 있었다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2000.02a
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• pp.190-190
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• 2000

침질탄화처리는 표면경화처리의 화학열처리 종류로서 지난 수 십년동안 많이 사용된 방법이며 값싼 철강재료 즉 보통탄소강, 저합금강 등에 내마모성, 내부식성 및 내피로성 향상에 사용되어 왔다. 그리고 자동차 부품, 기계류 부품, 공업용 공구 등에 적용할 수 있으며 염욕 및 가스를 매체로 사용한다. 침질 탄화처리는 질소와 탄소가 동시에 철재료로 확산 침투하여 최표면에 탄질화물의 화합물층을 형성하고 화합물층 아래에 확산층을 형성하는데 일반적으로 화합물층이 단상의 $\varepsilon$화합물일 때 내마모성과 내부식성을 확산층이 내피로성질을 향상시킨다. 이러한 염욕과 가스 침질탄화 처리에도 불구하고 플라즈마 화학열처리는 가스방법에 비해 현저하게 가스 소모량이 적고 에너지 효율이 높으며 현제 문제시되는 환경오염이 전혀 없기 때문에 크게 각광받고 있다. 현재 플라즈마 침진탄화처리에 많은 연구를 하였음에도 불구하고 단상의 $\varepsilon$화합물층을 형성시키는 어려운 문제점으로 남아 있으며 대부분의 화합물층은 최표면의 $\varepsilon$상과 ${\gamma}$'상으로 구성되어 있고 이러한 혼합상의 화합물층은 $\varepsilon$상과 ${\gamma}$'상의 방위가 서로 불일치하기 때문에 마모시에 미소크랙을 유발시켜 내마모성을 저하시키는 요인으로 작용한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 CH4 가스를 사용하여 내마모성과 내부식성을 향상시키는 단상의 $\varepsilon$화합물층 생성가능성을 고찰하고자 하였다. 침진탄화 처리시간을 변화시켰을 때 화합물층의 생성은 ${\gamma}$'상으로부터 시작되고 $\varepsilon$상은 즉시 ${\gamma}$'상을 소모하면서 생성되어 일정시간이 지난 후 $\varepsilon$상은 안정화되며 질소가스농도가 증가할수록 화합물 층내의 $\varepsilon$상분율은 역시 증가하였다. 한편 CH4 가스농도는 처리되는 강종에 따라 차이를 보이며 적정 CH4 가스농도를 초과시에는 $\varepsilon$상 생성은 억제되고 시멘타이트상이 생성되었다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.42-53
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• 2009

Gas turbine engine simulation program has been developed. In compressor and turbine, 2-D NS implicit code is used with k-$\omega$ SST turbulent model. In combustor, 0-D lumped method chemical equilibrium code is adopted under the limitations, the products are only 10 species of molecular and air-fuel is perfectly mixed state with 100% combustion efficiency at constant pressure. Fluid properties are shared on interfaces between engine components. The outlet conditions of compressor have been used as the inlet condition of combustor. The inlet condition of turbine comes from the compressor The back pressure in compressor outlet is transferred by the inlet pressure of turbine. Unsteady phenomena at rotor-stator in compressor and turbine is covered by mixing-plane method. The state of engine can be determined only by given inlet condition of compressor, outlet condition of turbine, equivalence ratio and rotating speed.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.127-133
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• 2016

In this study, water-in-oil (W/O) nanoemulsions of water/Span 80-Nikkol BL 25/oil system were prepared by the PIC method at elevated temperature. This method allows the formation of finely dispersed W/O nanoemulsions with low viscosity in this system. However, macroemulsions rather than nanoemulsions were prepared by PIC method at room temperature. As a result of the significant change of interfacial tension with temperature, the emulsion droplet size decreases from $2{\mu}m$ to 100 nm with the increase in temperature from $30^{\circ}C$ to $80^{\circ}C$. The droplet size of nanoemulsions prepared at $80^{\circ}C$ was in the range of 50 ~ 200 nm and the internal phase content could reach as high as 15 wt%. The most stable nanoemulsion was formed in the vicinity of 7.0 of optimum HLB of the emulsifier mixture. The obtained nanoemulsions were stable without obvious change in droplet size in one month. This study provides valuable information for optimizing the formation of W/O nanoemulsions with low viscosity. These results suggest that W/O nanoemulsions of low viscosity could be useful for cosmetics with soft feeling.

• Composites Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.28-34
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• 2006

[ $Cu-TiB_2$ ] metal matrix composites with various weight fractions of $TiB_2$ were fabricated by combination of manufacturing process, SPS (self-propagating high-temperature synthesis) and SPS (spark plasma sintering). The feasibility of $Cu-TiB_2$ composites for welding electrodes and sliding contact material was investigated through experiments on the tensile properties, hardness and wear resistance. To obtain desired properties of composites, composites are designed according to reinforcement's shape, size and volume fraction. Thus proper modeling is essential to predict the effective material properties. The elastic moduli of composites obtained by FEM and tensile test were compared with effective properties from the original Eshelby model, Eshelby model with Mori-Tanaka theory and rule-of-mixture. FEM result showed almost the same value as the experimental modulus and it was found that Eshelby model with Mori-Tanaka theory predicted effective modulus the best among the models.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.116-127
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• 1990

The fission gas release model used In the SPEAR-BETA fuel performance code was modified by use of effective thermal conductivity for cracked fuel and by laking Into account axial fission-gas mixing between the fuel-clad gap and the plenum. With use of this modified model the fission gas release was analyzed under various power ramping conditions of P$_{max}$ and $\Delta$.fP. Effective fuel thermal conductivity that accounts for the effect of fuel tracking was used in calculation of the fuel temperature distribution and the Internal gas pressure under power ramping conditions. Mixing and dilution effects due to axial gas flow were also considered in computing the width and the thermal conductivity of the gap. The effect of axial gas flow w3s solved by the Crank-Nicholson method. The finite difference method was used to save running time in the calculation. The present modified fission-gas release model was validated by comparing its predicted results with experimental data from various lamping tests In the literature and calculated results with use of the models used In the SPEAR-BETA and FEMAXI-IV codes. Results obtained with use of the present modified model showed better agreement with experimental data reported in the literature than those results with use of the latter codes. The fuel centerline temperature calculated with introduction of effective thermal conductivity for centerline temperature calculated with Introduction of effective thermal conductivity for cracked fuel was 200 higher fission gas release predicted with use of the modified model was nearly 6% larger on the average than that calculated by use of the unmodified model used in the SPEAR-BETA code.e SPEAR-BETA code.e.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.59 no.5
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• pp.454-465
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• 2015

The goal of this study is to investigate pre-service chemistry teachers’ understanding of the boiling process of a liquid mixture. We surveyed 65 students in the chemistry program of the College of Education about the boiling point of a 50%(by mole) ethanol aqueous solution and the temperature changes during heating. We then interviewed 9 of these students. According to the survey results, the percent of the pre-service teachers who thought that the boiling point of the ethanol solution would be ‘between the boiling points of ethanol and water (78-100 ℃)’ and ‘the same as that of ethanol’ were 52.3% and 35.4%, respectively. The majority of those who stated the former explained that the boiling point of the ethanol solution increased due to the effects of attraction or blocking by water molecules. Most of those who believed the latter explained that physical properties such as the boiling point would not be changed by the addition of water. With regard to the temperature change during heating, 69.2% of the teachers thought that the temperature would increase gradually while boiling, which some thought resulted from the increasing amount of water in the solution as the ethanol boiled off. Others thought that two temperature plateaus would be observed as each component of the liquid mixture underwent phase transition at its specific boiling point. When asked about the particle model of the gas phase during the boiling and evaporation process, some students drew both ethanol and water during evaporation but only ethanol when boiling. We discussed several alternative concepts of pre-service chemistry teachers about the boiling process of liquid mixtures and ways to improve their understanding.