• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.25-32
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• 2012

The thickness of anti-freezing layer has been empirically determined using the frost depth obtained from the freezing index and has not been generally considered as a structural layer in pavement design procedure. In fact, the anti-freezing layer makes a role in structural layer and enables to reduce the total thickness of pavement system. The objective of this study is to develop the statistical regression model for evaluating the structural capacity of anti-freezing layer using Falling Weight Deflectormeter(FWD) test data in asphalt pavements. The FWD testing was conducted at the embankment, cutting, and boundary area of various test sections to estimate the structural capacity of anti-freezing layer in different foundation condition. It is observed from this testing that the center deflections of pavement structure with anti-freezing layer are smaller than those without anti-freezing layer ranging from 0.4 to 82.6%. To determine the variables of statistical model, the correlation study has been conducted between various FWD deflection indexes and the anti-freezing layer thickness. It is found that the ${\Delta}BDI$(%)(${\Delta}Basin$ Damage Index(%)) is highly correlated with anti-freezing layer thickness. The ${\Delta}BDI$(%) model were developed for evaluating structural capacity of anti-freezing layer using linear mixed-effect models.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 1996

철강재료에 대한 플라즈마질화법의 적용에는 지금까지 많은 연구결과가 나와 있는데, 탄소강이나 적합금강의 경우는 그 표면정도가 Hv400 - 900, 고합금강의 경우 는 Hv1000이상의 정도를 얻을 수 있으며, 내마모성도 향상한다고 알려져 있다. 그리 고 플라즈마질화처리에 의한 질화층의 형성기구나 화합물층 및 확산층의 생성에 관여 하는 처리조건의 영향, 질화층의 경도 및 깊이에 대한 합금원소의 영향등이 어느 정도 밝혀져 있다. 그리고 스테인레스강의 경우는 그 표면에 견고한 산화피막을 형성하기 때문에 염욕질화나나 가스질화법에 의한 처리가 일반적으로 곤란하다. 그러나 프라 즈마질화처리에 의하면, 분위기를 질소와 수소의 혼합가스로 함으로서 특별한 전처리 를 하지않고도 질화처리가 가능한 것으로 알려져 있다. 또한 철강재료 이외의 비철 금속에 대한 플라즈마질화처리의 적용이 검토되었으며, 질화물을 형성하기 쉬운 Ti 와 그 합금, Zr, Al 그리고 Va, AIa족원소의 경우는 Hv1000이상의 경도가 얻어진다는 것과 최적 질화조건등이 보고되어져 있다. 또한 질화물을 형성하지 않는 금속, 즉 Ni 나 Cu합금 등에 대하여도 Ti, Al 등의 질화물생성원소를 첨가하여 플라즈마질화법에 의한 표면경화특성도 검토되고 있다. 본 해설에서는, 탄소강, 탄소저합금강 등의 철강 재료를 중심으로하여 플라즈마질화처리한 경우의 표면경화특성에 대하여 서술하고자 한다.

• The Korean Journal of Petroleum Geology
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• v.3 no.1 s.4
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• pp.16-27
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• 1995

The Early Miocene Temblor Formation forms an important sandstone reservoir at Kettleman North Dome oil field, California. Sandstones are mostly arkosic in composition except deepest sandstones containing much volcanic rock fragments. Arranged in paragenetic sequence prior to feldspar alteration, the Temblor sandstones contain cements of early calcite, dolomite, quartz, albite, mixed-layer ohloriteismectite (C/S) and smectite, and anhydrite. Diagenetic changes associated with feldspar are albitization of plagioclase, late calcite and laumontite cementation and grain replacement, plagioclase dissolution, and kaolinite cementation. Plagioclase albitization and late calcite and laumontite cementation in Temblor sandstones occurred at the time of maximum burial with temperatures up to $130^{\circ}C$. Volcanic plagioclases were selectively albitized. Most diagenetic changes are interpreted to have occurred before the maior uplift which occurred within the last one million years ago. Since then to the time of hydrocarbon emplacement plagioclase dissolution and kaolinite cementation occurred. This reaction occurred in relatively closed system due to the occurrence of kaolinite next to the site of plagioclase dissolution. Unaltered part of volcanic plagioclase and plutonic plagioclase which escaped albitization during maximum burial were preferentially dissolved to make plagioclase porosity. Secondary porosity resulting from dissolution of plagioclase and carbonate and anhydrite cements was mainly produced by formation waters containing organic acids released during atagenesis of organic matter.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.17-27
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• 2003

In this study, a phenomenon of saltwater intrusion was monitored under various conditions regarding recharge and pumping rate using time domain reflectometry for a laboratory scale unconfined aquifer to verify the basic theory behind seawater intrusion and to investigate movement of salt-freshwater interface in accordance with the ratio of pumping and recharge rate. Results showed that a thick mixing zone was formed at the boundary instead of a sharp salt-freshwater interface that was assumed by Ghyben and Herzberg who derived an equation relating the water table depth $(H_f)$ to the depth to the interface $(H_s)$. Therefore our experimental results did not agree with the calculated values obtained from the Ghyben and Herzberg equation. Position of interface which was adopted as 0.5 g/L isochlor moved rapidly as the Pumping rate $(Q_p)$ increased for a given recharge rate $(Q_r)$. In addition, interface movement was found to be about 7 times the ratio of $Q_p/Q_r$ in our experimental condition. This indicates that Pumping rate becomes an important factor controlling the seawater intrusion in coastal aquifer.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.211-227
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• 2023

Personal service robots, a type of social robot that has emerged with the aging population and technological advancements, are undergoing a transformation centered around technologies that can extend independent living for older adults in their homes. For older adults to accept and use social robot innovations in their daily lives on a long-term basis, it is crucial to have a deeper understanding of user perspectives, contexts, and emotions. This research aims to comprehensively understand older adults by utilizing a mixed-method approach that integrates quantitative and qualitative data. Specifically, we employ the Van Kaam phenomenological methodology to group conversations into nine categories based on emotional cues and conversation participants as key variables, using voice conversation records between older adults and social robots. We then personalize the conversations based on frequency and weight, allowing for user segmentation. Additionally, we conduct profiling analysis using demographic data and health indicators obtained from pre-survey questionnaires. Furthermore, based on the analysis of conversations, we perform K-means cluster analysis to classify older adults into three groups and examine their respective characteristics. The proposed model in this study is expected to contribute to the growth of businesses related to understanding users and deriving insights by providing a methodology for segmenting older adult s, which is essential for the future provision of social robots with caregiving functions in everyday life.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.08a
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• pp.216.2-216.2
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• 2013

Nano-indenter는 팁을 박막 표면으로부터 일정 깊이까지 일정한 비율로 힘을 팁에 인가하여 그에 따른 박막의 반응을 in-situ로 확인하기 위하여 고안된 장치이며, 박막은 물론 나노 구조물까지 다양한 범위에서 기계적 특성을 분석하기 위하여 사용되고 있다. 이 연구에서는 유전체 및 확산방지막으로 사용되는 Hf을 rf magnetron sputter로 증착하였으며 이때 Ar 가스와 함께 $N_2$ 가스의 혼합 비율을 다르게 하여 HfN을 증착하였다. 질소 분압에 따라 증착된 HfN 박막은 고온중에서 질소의 영향을 확인하기 위하여 $800^{\circ}C$로 질소 분위기에서 20분간 열처리하여 이후 박막의 nano-mechanical 특성을 nanoindenter를 사용하여 확인하였고 최대 압입력을 250 ${\mu}N$으로 고정하였다. 측정결과 고온 열처리후 HfN 박막은 증착시 질소 분압이 0%에서 5%로 증가함에 따라 surface hardness는 8.6 GPa에서 8.1 GPa로 elastic modulus는 123.7 GPa에서 134 GPa로 각각 변화되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 특히, 질소 분압이 2.5%로 증착된 HfN 박막은 열처리후 박막 표면의 물리적 특성이 깊이 방향으로 층을 이루고 있어 nano-indenter 압입시 다수의 pop-in이 나타남을 확인하였다.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1049-1056
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• 2023

The height of the atmospheric boundary layer indicates the peak developed when turbulence is generated by mixing heat and water vapor, and is generally determined through thermodynamic methods. Wind profilers produce atmospheric information from the scattering of signals sent into the atmosphere. A method for making the spectrum of turbulent components, turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate, and refractive index structure coefficient was presented to determine the atmospheric boundary layer depth. Compared with the vertical distribution characteristics of potential temperature and specific humidity based on radiosonde data, the determination method of the atmospheric boundary layer height from wind profiler output was evaluated as very useful.

• Composites Research
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.199-204
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• 2023

A combination of a metallic mesh and an adhesive layer of metallic particle/epoxy composite was introduced as an intermediate layer to enhance the adhesion between cold-sprayed particles and fiber-reinforced composites (FRCs). Aluminum was considered for both the metallic particles in the adhesive and the metallic mesh. To predict the mechanical characteristics of the intermediate bond layer under a high strain rate, the properties of the adhesive layer needed to be calculated or measured. Therefore, in this study, the Al particle/epoxy adhesive was homogenized by using a rule of mixture. To verify the homogenization, the penetration depth, and the thickness decrease after the cold spray deposition from the undeformed surface, was monitored with FE analysis and compared with experimental observation. The comparison displayed that the penetration depth was comparable to the diameters of one cold spray particle, and thus the homogenization approach can be reasonable for the prediction of the stress level of particulate polymer composite interlayer under a high strain rate for cold spray processing.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.214-220
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• 1991

The effects of $SiO_2$ reactive ion etching (RIE) in $CHF_{3/}C_2F_6$ on the surface properties of the underlying Si substrate were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) techniques. Angle-resolved XPS analysis was carried out as non-destructive depth profile one for investigating the chemical bonding states of silicion, carbon, oxygen and fluorine. The residue layer consists of C-F polymer. O-F bond was found on the top of the polymer layer and Si-O, Si-C and Si-F bonds were detected between Si substrate and polymer film. A 60nm thick damaged layer of silicon surface mainly contains carbon and fluorine.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.5-13
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• 2003

The soil nailing is one of the useful support-system in urban excavation because of the presence of other structures in the vicinity Since the soil nailing system was introduced, model experiments and theoretical studies have been performed to investigate behavior of soil nailed wall. However, there are few data in the case of multi-layered soil strata just like Seoul Metropolitan area in Korea. The feed back analyses are carried out using the measured wall displacement data for soil nailing construction sites with multi-layered strata in order to analyze the distance and the coefficients of extension zone of ground behind soil nailed wall. As a result, the distance of extension zone increased with increasing of the final excavation depth and the ratio of the distance to the final excavation depth was shown to be about 94% of the final excavation depth. Also, the coefficients of extension zone increased with enlargement of soil layer thickness and converged into constant value of 1.05. On the other hand, the maximum vertical displacements by the feed back analysis and Caspe's method were shown to be approximately 80%, 150~280% of the maximum horizontal displacement respectively.