• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.752-756
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• 2010

Lepidoptera (butterflies) extracts, traditionally employed as medicines, have various biological activities. Five species of Lepidoptera (Papilio maackii, Papilio xuthus, Pieris rapae, Eurema hecabe, and Sasakia charonda) were extracted with distilled water (DW), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethanol (EtOH), and methanol (MeOH). Each extract was analyzed for anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay method, the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) test, and a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) promoter assay. The results suggest that Lepidoptera extracts have valuable anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, supporting the idea that the extracts may serve as a food biomaterial(s) preventing oxidative processes and inflammatory damage.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.153-163
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• 2019

The study aims to examine the psychological effects of insect-based experience activities. A sample of 167 elementary students was hired for the study. Students in the experimental group participated in insect-based experience activities using swallowtail butterfly. Collected data are analyzed with analysis of variance and paired-sample T-test in SPSS 25.0. The results of this study are as follows 1) Insect based experience activities show positive effects in psychological and physiological aspects, 2) and students and teacher showed high satisfaction in insect-based program. In conclusion, this study contributes to providing fundamental information for the development of agro-healing programs using insect and design guidelines for identifying the characteristics of each healing program. Further research should be extended to different types of student and the development of diverse insect-based activities.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.173-179
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• 2013

This study was investigation for primary bionomical characteristics, emergence rate of wintering type pupa and oviposition preference, of Papilio xuthus. The emergence rate of wintering type pupa stored at cold chamber($4{\pm}1^{\circ}C$) was 85%, after 10 months. The average emergence rate of wintering type pupa during storage was 89.6%, and the emergence periods were $7.9{\pm}1.9days$ in room temperature. Mating ratio in large oviposition room, $6,000{\times}6,000{\times}3,500$ mm($W{\times}L{\times}H$), was $86.7{\pm}5.8%$ higher than $63.3{\pm}15.3%$ in small room, $2,500{\times}3,000{\times}2,000$ mm($W{\times}L{\times}H$). But the number of eggs in the large room were $137.0{\pm}16.5$ fewer than $141.7{\pm}20.4$ in the small room. As a result of oviposition preference experiment on three different host plants, 10 mated female laid $141.7{\pm}27.8$ on the leaves of Phellodendron amurensew more than $67.7{\pm}20.6$ on Zanthoxylum schinifolium and $77.0{\pm}21.8$ on Citrus unshiu. The egg periods were $4.4{\pm}0.8$ days after oviposition, and the hatchability was 92.2% in $25^{\circ}C$ room condition. The larval period were $19.9{\pm}2.1$ days in the high temperature, long day condition($25^{\circ}C$, 14L : 10D). The headwidth of each developmental larval stage were $0.72{\pm}0.02$(1st), $1.19{\pm}0.02$(2nd), $1.65{\pm}0.05$(3rd), $2.43{\pm}0.07$(4th), $3.21{\pm}0.12$(5th). The pupal ratio was 91.6%. The pupal period were $8.8{\pm}0.9$ days, and the emergence rate was 92.2%.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.185-192
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• 2012

We investigated butterfly species diversity on nineteen uninhabited islands around Imja-myeon, Shinan-gun, Jeonnam, Korea. A total of 14 species belong to 5 families were identified. Species of Papilionidae were the most abundant with 5 species, followed by Lycaenidae (4 species). A Lycaenid butterfly, Pseudozizeeria maha (Kollar), was the most dominant species on the surveyed islands. The total number of species was the highest at island Daenorokdo (6 species). To investigate the factors that determine butterfly diversity, we analyzed the relationships between number of species and island area, distance from the largest island nearby, and maximum elevation. We found that island area ($R^2$=0.413, p=0.003) was significantly correlated with butterfly diversity, but other variables such as distance from the largest island nearby and maximum elevation were not correlated.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.8 s.88
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• pp.1046-1052
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• 2007

Transferrin is a molecule carrying iron to store and maintain for iron homeostasis of living organisms. In this study, we have purified transferrin, as an iron-binding protein, from the last larval haemolymph of Papilio xuthus by KBr density gradient ultracentrifugation and gel filtration (superose 6 HR) using fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) and transferrin containing iron was identified by Ferene S staining. The purified haemolymph transferrin was shown to have molecular mass of 78 and 80 kDa and amino acid composition of transferrin was rich in aspartic acid, valine, leucine and glutamic acid. With immuno-diffusion assay, we confirmed the existence of the transferrin in the haemo-lymph and fat body by detection of visible and clear positive reaction. From the quantitative comparison by rocket immuno-electrophoresis process, the amount of transferrin were increased in the haemolymph of 3 days after pupation and the whole 5 days after pupation. Here, with biochemical and immunohistochemical analysis, we speculate the relationship of transferrin between the physical characteristics and distribution during metamorphosis of P. xuthus.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.886-895
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• 2020

The development of novel peptide antibiotics with potent antimicrobial activity and anti-inflammatory activity is urgently needed. In a previous work, we performed an in-silico analysis of the Papilio xuthus transcriptome to identify putative antimicrobial peptides and identified several candidates. In this study, we investigated the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of papiliocin 3, which was selected bioinformatically based on its physicochemical properties against bacteria and mouse macrophage Raw264.7 cells. Papiliocin 3 showed antibacterial activities against E. coli and S. aureus without inducing hemolysis and decreased the nitric oxide production of the lipopolysaccharide-induced Raw264.7 cells. Moreover, ELISA and Western blot analysis revealed that papiliocin 3 reduced the expression levels of pro-inflammatory enzymes, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂). In addition, we examined whether papiliocin 3 could inhibit the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 and interleukin-1β) in LPS-induced Raw264.7 cells. We found that papiliocin 3 markedly reduced the expression level of cytokines through the regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling. We also confirmed that papiliocin 3 binds to bacterial cell membranes via a specific interaction with lipopolysaccharides. Collectively, these findings suggest that papiliocin 3 could be a promising molecule for development as a novel peptide antibiotic.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.228-233
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the activities of five different antioxidant enzymes in various tissues of Papilio xuthus during pupal stage. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in haemolymph was the highest just after pupation and then decreased gradually until 7 days after pupation but the activity in other tissue was constant during metamorphosis. This result indicates that primary antioxidant process of reactive oxygen species proceed in haemolymph. Catalase (CAT) activity in studied tissues was also the highest just after pupation and its relative activity was also high during pupal stage, suggesting that CAT is the primary enzyme in catalysis of hydrogen peroxide. Glutathion peroxidase (GPX) activity was constant and its relative activity was very low in all tested tissues. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in haemolymph was high at 3 days and 5 days after pupation, and the activity in fat body was the highest at the 1 day after pupation and then decreased gradually for 7 days after pupation. Glutathion reductase (GR) activity in haemolymph and fat body was high at 1 day after pupation, but relatively low GR activity was detected in the rest tissues. Based on these results, GST activity was higher than that of GPX and GR, and it is also believed that GST was more involved in reduction process through lipid peroxidation than GPX.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.171-183
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• 1997

Diversity, abundance, species distributions and distributions of two strategists (specialist and geceralist) of butterflies were investigated monthly from June 1996 to Oct. 1996 by line transect method in the Chunbul-dong valley from park gate to Yangpok Sanjang. The butterfly faunas of the eight regions in Kwangwon province, Gyunggi proavince and Pusan were also studied by the same method to assess diversity and abundance of butterfly community in the study region. The 18 butterfly species in 7 families were found in this study and the 48 butterfly species in 7 families were distributed in the study area from thes study and the other researches. The 30 butterfly species reported in the other studies were not found in this study and Kaniska canace L. of them would be to decrease in density. In the study area, the common species were Artogeia melete M., Neptis sappho P. and Libythea celtis F.. The representative Korean common butterflies such as Artogeia rapae L., Colias erate E. and Papillio xuthus L. were rare. The PCA(Principal Component Analysis) ordinations indicate that habitat disturbance by human would be major factor for butterfly community and species distribution. Difference was not found in diversity according to habitat disturbance. Abundance, however, was higher in the disturbed region than the undisturbed region. Compared with the other regions, abundance was greatly lower and diversity was slightly lower than that of the other regions. Two strategists exhibited different distribution patterns. Generalists were found more commonly in the disturbed region and widely distributed in both of the disturbed region and the undisturbed region than specialists.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.178-188
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• 2012

Since based on the 7th revised educational curriculum, the insects and spiders in elementary school textbook are as follows. A total of 60 species belonging to ten order of insects and three species of two families in the order Araneae were investigated. Among of them, we found that the species name and their photos were switched in three times, and also, misidentified species name were examined in three times. In the result of spices appearing frequencies between insects and spiders in the whole grade levels, the confirmed species numbers were a total of 63 species and the number of frequencies were 169 times. In the appearing frequencies, the correct identified species are relatively lowed as only 44 times(26.0%). In investigation on the appearing frequencies for the each insect orders, Othoptera and Coleoptera are mostly high such as ten and nine times, respectively. The appearing frequency for species levels are sequently counted as Drosophila sp.(18 times), Oxya chinensis sinuosa(16 times), and Papilio xuthus(12 times). The result of investigation for the appearing frequencies of insects in the each grades and semesters indicated that the first semester of third grade includes most large number insects which are 18 insect species, contrary, only one insect species are reported in the first semester of second grade.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.82-87
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• 2019

Global warming has a significant impact on diverse ecosystems including agroecosystem through; changing of phenology, physiology and distribution. Monitoring of biological responses emanating from global warming is required to understand the challenges of biological diversity conservation posed by climate change. The Korean government selected four butterfly species as indicators of climate change in agroecosystem: Papilio xuthus, Pieris rapae, Colias erate, and Eurema mandarina. The aim of this study was to investigate the different monitoring methods of the butterflies in Korea and suggest a suitable monitoring method to track the population trends of butterflies in the agroecosystem. Butterfly monitoring was conducted in eight sites throughout Korea from April to October, 2018 using three survey methods: point census at rice paddy area, point census at the border between rice paddy and hill and line transect along the rice paddy and hill. Each method took approximately 30 min. to count the butterflies. A total of 4,691 butterflies and 92 species were counted: The most dominant species was Pieris rapae with a total count of 1,205 individuals followed by Polygonia c-aureum, Zizeeria maha, Colias erate, Cupido argiades and Papilio xuthus. Among the three census methods, the total number of species and individuals when using line transect method was statistically higher than in the other methods. However, the numbers of the four butterflies indicators showed no difference throughout three census methods. Based on the number of species and the total individuals butterflies in agroecosystem, we advocate for the application of line transect method as it can find more butterflies in agroecosystem. In addition, we advised for the implementation of education programs on the line transect method in butterfly identification to participants of the national monitoring program.