• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.254-259
• /
• 2012

Peeling damage of trees is usually caused by Cervidae such as deer, roe deer because of the lack of food in forests. However, it happens as part of the developing of antlers in Jeju Island when the roe deer try to remove the Velvet-the skin of the antlers. The research area is the Hannam experimental forest (400 m up to 500 m above sea level) of Korea Forest Research Institute in Jeju Island, and the survey was carried out along the 6 km long of forest road with 5 m width on both sides. Twenty five tree species (total 267 stands) are damaged by peeling; 18 (134 stands) deciduous broad-leaved species, 5 (71 stands) in evergreen broad-leaved species, 2 (62 stands) coniferous species. The most common damaged species are in order of Daphniphyllum macropodum, Cryptomeria japonica, Lindera erythrocarpa, Clerodendrum trichotomum, Zanthoxylum schinifolium. Mainly damaged trees are approximately 3~4 years old saplings, and they show the mean height $120.7{\pm}42.4cm$, diameter measured at 5 cm height $1.5{\pm}0.5cm$. The Lowest peeling beginning height is $22.1{\pm}10.1cm$, and the mean length of peeling is $27.5{\pm}10.6cm$. Once the peeling damage happens, the saplings are infected by fungi secondly, and are distorted or dead, therefore the future structure of warm-temperate forests could be in influenced in species. Warm-temperate forest landscape and species change related to the climate change is a rising issue in Jeju Island. However the changes caused by peeling damage also could be an important issue in the natural process of forest environment, afforestation, local nursery and sustainable forest management of Jeju Island.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.37 no.3
• /
• pp.317-324
• /
• 2008

This study was performed in order to investigate perceptions on environment and environment-friendly agricultural products, knowledge level and opinion about these products. The subjects were 387 college students in Seoul and Incheon area. This survey was conducted by self-administered questionnaire. The statistical analysis was conducted using the SPSS 12.0 program. Male subjects were 53.2% and female subjects were 46.8%. 52.9% of the subjects have knowledge about environment-friendly agricultural products. Also 50.9% of the subjects knew certification label of environment-friendly agricultural products whereas 13.4% knew certification authority of environment-friendly agricultural products. The average scores of 'image of environment-friendly agricultural products', 'attitude towards environment', 'attitude towards agrichemical' were $3.84{\pm}0.68,\;3.51{\pm}0.73\;and\;3.58{\pm}0.87$, respectively. In regard to 'image of environment- friendly agricultural products', the scores were significantly affected by gender (p<0.05), self-recognition of health status (p<0.05) and self-knowledge about environment-friendly agricultural products (p<0.001). In regard to 'attitude towards environment', the scores were significantly affected by self-recognition of health status (p<0.05), self-knowledge about environment-friendly agricultural products (p<0.001), and information about environment friendly agricultural products certificate authority (p<0.01). In regard to 'attitude towards agrichemical', the scores were significantly affected by gender (p<0.001), self-recognition of health status (p<0.05), supplements for health (p<0.05) and self-knowledge about environment-friendly agricultural products (p<0.001). Therefore, various education programs on environment-friendly agricultural products are necessary for college students to make right food choices.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.153-159
• /
• 2002

Objectives : To evaluate the accuracy of the registered cause of death in a county and its related factors. Methods : The data used in this study was based on 504 cases, in a county of Chonnam province, registered between January and December 1998. Study subjects consisted of 388 of the 504 cases, and their causes of death were established by an interview survey of the next of kin or neighbor and medical record surveys. We compared the registered cause of death with the confirmed cause of death, determined by surveys and medical records, and evaluated the factors associated with the accuracy of the registered cause of death. Results : 62.6% of the deaths were concordant with 19 Chapters classification of cause of death. external causes of mortality, endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases, neoplasms and diseases of the circulatory system showed the good agreement between the registered cause of death and the confirmed cause of death. The factors relating to the accuracy of the registered cause of death were the doctors' diagnosis for the cause of death (adjusted Odds Ratio: 2.67, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.21-5.89) and the grade of the public officials in charge of the death registry (adjusted Odds Ratio: 0.30, 95% CI=0.12-0.78). Conclusions : The accuracy of the registered cause of death was not high. It could be improved by using the doctors' diagnosis for death and improving the job specification for public officials who deal with death registration.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
• /
• v.5
• /
• pp.119-126
• /
• 1987

This study was conducted to elucidate the most appropriate method to obtain auxotrophic mutants from Valsa ceratosperma, the causal fungus of apple canker, which may be used as a gene marker in detecting the transfer of the factors of avirulent strains to virulent strains. Among the 3 kinds of synthetic media tested, each have two formula for minimal and complete, the medium which has been used in study of Endothia parasitica (E. P medium) was turned out to be most appropriate for the growth of V. ceratosperma. A medium for single colony formation from pycnidiospore of this fungus was developed by adding 0.5% L - sorbose to the E. P minimal medium. The period of incubation in dark for preventing the photoreactivation after U. V irradiation was estimated as about 60hrs at which most of the spores become binucleate. Largest number of putative auxotrophs were obtained at about 50second of irradiation to the spores smeared on the medium for single colony formation, at which the survival rate of spores was 5 to 6 percent. With these method developed in this experiment, 161 isolates of putative auxotrophs were detected among which the nutrient requirement for 10 isolates were determined. Five out of 10 mutants were still virulent to apple tree and all but one could not sporulate.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
• /
• v.45
• /
• pp.37-67
• /
• 2023

This paper aims to examine the loyalty and filial piety pursued by Taoists, focusing on the concept of loyalty and loyalty shown in Wenchang Filial Piety Classic and General Collection of Jingming on Loyalty and Filial Piety. After the Han Dynasty, the concept of loyalty and filial piety became the representative virtues that led the country and society to follow the ideology of Confucius as the dominant ideology. This applied to everyone from emperor to each individual. Taoism had different reasons for promoting the concept of loyalty and filial piety and these even varied from sect to sect, but generally, Taoism could also be said to emphasize loyalty and filial piety. Depending on the sect of Taoism, filial piety might be valued on its own or filial piety might be valued in conjunction with loyalty. In particular, defining Taoism was criticized for "forgetting the desirable behavior required in the human network of the world and severing relationships with various objects encountered in life." In this respect, the concept of loyalty and filial piety in General Collection of Jingming on Loyalty and Filial Piety, could be observed to emphasize 'filial piety' in conjunction with 'loyalty', and this shows the influence of Confucius' concept of loyalty and filial piety. At the same time, this shows the concept of loyalty and filial piety as reimagined by Taoism. The most fundamental aim of Taoism is to pursue immortality. However, as a prerequisite for becoming such a god, loyalty and filial piety, were practiced alongside 'gentleness' and 'humanity and trustworthiness.' Here, the Taoist emphasis on 'loyalty and filial piety', 'gentleness', and 'humanity and trustworthiness' is essentially the same as in Neo-Confucianism. However, seeking to become an immortal through these values represents a motivation that is different from Neo-Confucians who denied the pursuit of immortality. In this paper, loyalty and filial piety as understood and practiced by Neo-Confucian scholars will be compared with the same concepts in the Taoist context and the findings will be summarized via three categories. First, in the Taoist model longevity and the pursuit of immortality are seen as being closely related to filial piety. The reason why achieving longevity and pursuing immortality was considered closely related to filial piety is because this is a modified and enhanced reimagining of the Neo-Confucianist concept of loyalty and filial piety. The other is that Taoism's concept of loyalty and filial piety is richly supplemented with content about 'interactions between heaven and humankind.' When filial piety is practiced in this context, the principle of responding to the gods of heaven and earth is emphasized. At the same time, Taoism presents consequences for insufficient filial piety to parents or insufficient loyal to the king; disasters will be brought down by heaven. Finally, it is argued that the practice filial piety is necessary and should extend not only to parents to all phenomena in the world without distinguishing based on one's degree of intimacy to those phenomena.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.40 no.4
• /
• pp.413-422
• /
• 2022

Barnea manilensis is a bivalve which bores soft rocks, such as, limestone or mudstone in the low intertidal zone. They make burrows which have narrow entrances and wide interiors and live in these burrows for a lifetime. In this study, the morphology and the microstructure of the valve of rock-boring clam B. manilensis were observed using a stereoscopic microscope and FE-SEM, respectively. The chemical composition of specific part of the valve was assessed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. 3D modeling and structural dynamic analysis were used to simulate the boring behavior of B. manilensis. Microscopy results showed that the valve was asymmetric with plow-like spikes which were located on the anterior surface of the valve and were distributed in a specific direction. The anterior parts of the valve were thicker than the posterior parts. EDS results indicated that the valve mainly consisted of calcium carbonate, while metal elements, such as, Al, Si, Mn, Fe, and Mg were detected on the outer surface of the anterior spikes. It was assumed that the metal elements increased the strength of the valve, thus helping the B. manilensis to bore sediment. The simulation showed that spikes located on the anterior part of the valve received a load at all angles. It was suggested that the anterior part of the shell received the load while drilling rocks. The boring mechanism using the amorphous valve of B. manilensis is expected to be used as basic data to devise an efficient drilling mechanism.

• Development and Reproduction
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.117-122
• /
• 2002

Dopamine(DA), norepinephrine(NE), and epinephrine(E) belong to a class of neurotransmitters known as catecholamine (CA) which are synthesized and secreted by mammalian brain and adrenal medulla. CA regulate several behavior patterns connected with breeding, and regulate GnRH-gonadotropin hormone axis' vitality between hypothalamus-pituitary gland linking with reproduction freeze. The present study examined effects of sex steroid hormone on the transcriptional activities of CA biosynthesis enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase(TH), dopamine $\beta$ -hydroxylase(DBH), and phenylethaolamine-N-methyl transferase(PNMT). Mature female rats were ovariectomized(OVX) and implanted with 17 $\beta$-estradiol(E$_2$: 500 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) or sesame oil. Forty-eight hours after implantation all the animals were sacrificed. Total RNAs were extracted immediately and were applied to semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). The expression level of TH was appeared by hypothalamus > SNc> adrenal medulla orders in OVX＋Oil group, and by SNc > hypothalamus) adrenal medulla orders in OVX+E$_2$ group. Treatment with E$_2$ significantly increased TH expression in SNc and adrenal medulla but in hypothalamus, the reduced TH expression was observed. The expression level of DBH was appeared by adrenal medulla > SNc > hypothalamus orders in OVX＋Oil group and in OVX＋E$_2$ group. Administration of E$_2$ significantly reduced DBH expression in SNc, and increased in adrenal medulla. Two cDNA products, large(PNMT1) and small(PMNTs) species of 110bp difference, were amplified in SNc and hypothalamus, but only PNMTs was observed in adenal medulla. The PNMTs expression level was in the order of adrenal medulla > hypothalamus > SNc in both OVX＋Oil and OVX＋E$_2$ group. The PNMTs expression in SNc and adrenal medulla was significantly increased byE$_2$. The present report demonstrated that estrogen effects on transcriptional activities for CA biosynthethic enzymes were tissue specific in adrenal medulla as well as different region of brain. These results suggest that it might be crucial relationship between the type of estrogen receptor and CA enzyme gene expression.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.36 no.1
• /
• pp.97-104
• /
• 2016

In Korea, the number of crash accident victims per 100,000 population is three times higher than the average of OECD. In particular, 60% of it occurs on the community road. Thus, this study intends to analyze the causes of such accidents through a pedestrian and vehicle traffic survey. The purpose is to establish practical safety enhancement measures for community roads. In recent years, lots of changes have occurred in the pedestrian environment. A traffic survey shows that 65% of pedestrians walk on the right and 17% of people use smart-phones while walking. An eye camera experiment shows that the operation load of drivers on the community roads is more than 4 times higher than those in urban roads. According to a speed survey, 62% of vehicles drive at 30km/h or above. The characteristics of accidents on community roads are as follows. First, the ratio of accidents on the edge of the road is 2.3 times as high as those on other roads. Second, when people walk on the right, the ratio of accidents is 2.5 times as high as that of walking on the left. Third, it becomes more dangerous when people cross the road from the right to the left. The majority of accidents is caused by unsafe driving (84.4%). When a vehicle makes a left turn, the likelihood of accidents is 2.3 times as high as those caused by a right turn. The ratio of accidents caused by vehicles going backwards is 14% among all accidents. In community roads, the focus of drivers should be at least 4 times higher than those on urban roads. Thus, walking in the opposite direction of vehicles and careless behaviors are highly likely lead to accidents.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.151-159
• /
• 1994

This study was conducted to investigate the $NO_3-N$ concentration, the relationship between $NO_3-N$ and other ions, and patterns of ions in ground water used as drinking water in Cheju Island. Samples were collected from 19 wells in the northwest region, near the district of poultry complex, and 9 wells in the northeast region. In the northwest region, $NO_3-N$ concentrations in D-14 and D-202 wells near the pig farming facilities were 10.95 and 13.1 mg/L, respectively, exceeding the standard concentration of drinking water. The concentration in D-65, D-35, and D-120 wells were slightly lower than the standard concentration. However, $NO_3-N$ concentrations in the wells in the northeast region were lower than 3mg/L. In wells in the northwest region, $NO_3-N$ concentrations were negatively correlated with pH and positively correlated with $Ca^{++}$, $Mg^{++}$, $Na^+$ $Cl^-$, $SO_4^{--}$, and $Cl^-/HCO_3^-$. However, in the northeast region, they were not related with pH and the ions. The chemical compositions in D-65, D-35, and D-41 wells showed higher concentrations of $Ca^{++}$, $Mg^{++}$, $Na^+$, $Cl^-$, $NO_3-N$ and $SO_4^{--}$ than the unpolluted D-42 well. These results suggest that ground water near the pig farming complex was polluted by pig farming waste in the northwest region.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.33 no.6
• /
• pp.624-635
• /
• 2019

Bird strike accidents, a collision between aircraft and birds, have been increasing annually due to an increasing number of aircraft operating each year to meet heavier demand for air traffic. As such, many airports have conducted studies to assess and manage bird strike risks effectively by identifying and ranking bird species that can damage aircraft based on the bird strike records. This study was intended to investigate the bird species that were likely to threaten aircraft and compare and discuss the risk of each species estimated by the single-matrix and multi-matrix risk assessment models based on the Integrated Flight Information Service (IFIS) data collected in Gimpo, Gimhae and Jeju Airports in South Korea from 2005 to 2013. We found that there was a difference in the assessment results between the two models. The single-matrix model estimated 2 species and 6 taxa in Gimpo and Gimhae Airports and 2 species and 5 taxa in Jeju Airport to have the risk score above "high," whereas the multi-matrix model estimated 3 species and 5 taxa in Gimpo Airport, 4 species and 5 taxa in Gimhae Airport, and 2 species and 3 taxa in Jeju Airport to have the risk score above "very high." Although both models estimated the similar high-risk species in Gimpo and Gimhae Airports, there was a significant difference in Jeju Airport. Gimpo and Gimhae Airports are near the estuary of a river, which is an excellent habitat for large and heavy waterbirds. On the other hand, Jeju Airport is near the coast and the city center, and small and light bird species are mostly observed. Since collisions with such species have little effect on aircraft fuselage, the impact of common variables between the two models was small, and the additional variables caused a significant difference between the estimation by the two models.