• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.41-72
• /
• 2018

In the division of labor (or teamwork) in medicine, the responsibility of medical and nursing staff should be separated or distributed to justify negligent criminal offenses. The present work refers to the standards by which the due diligence and responsibility of the individual persons are to be determined and delimited. In this context, it has been proven that objective theory as a measure of due diligence is appropriate. From a moral point of view, when assessing due diligence, it makes sense to impose greater individual or higher performance demands on the perpetrator, but law and order require that due diligence should result from socially relevant human behavior. To give objective measure of negligence and to provide the highest level of personal responsibility, so that man can not be burdened too much responsibility and it is accordingly with an equality theorem. Afterwards some points are presented, which should be considered in a concrete fact in the determination of the medical negligence. Medical action has specific characteristics such as professionalism, discretionary and exclusive, unbalance of information. These characteristics distinguish medical actions from general negligence. The general level of knowledge, the urgency, working condition and working environment of the medical facility, duration of the professional practice, assessment of the medical activity are crucial in this context. As a standard of delineation of due diligence, I have used the permitted risk and the principle of trust. In the horizontal division of labor, the principle of trust applies. The principle of trust applies in principle in cases of division of labor interaction, when doctors in the same hospital exercise their own specific occupational field or everyone works in another hospital. However, this is not true for every case. In the vertical division of labor, the principle of trust does not apply and the senior physician can not trust the assistant doctors. In this case, the principle of trust is converted into a duty of supervision for assistant doctors by the senior physician. This supervision requirement could be used as a random check.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.212-217
• /
• 1984

Spatial variabilities of particle size distribution of 96 samples from Hwadong SiCL and Jungdong Sl were studied by using geostatistical concepts. The measurement was made at the nodes of the regular grid consisting of 12 rows and 8 columns. Sample spacing within rows and columns was 3 and 2 meters, respectively. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Variograms of Hwadong SiCL were fitted for the linear model and those of Jungdong SL for the spherical model. 2. Variograms of properties for Hwadong and clay for Jungdong showed the pure nugget effect. Those of silt and clay for Jungdong, however, appeared the nugget effect. 3. The minimum number of samples necessary to reproduce results similar to the true mean of the 96 measured values was approximately estimated. The minimum sample sizes of silt, clay, and sand in Hwadong SiCL were 27, 13, and 6, respectively. And the minimum sample size of clay in Jungdong SL was 17. 4. The approximate number of samples required to detect the difference of 5% of the true mean with 0.95 confidence level was estimated. The resulting number of samples for silt and sand in Jungdong was 14, and 26, respectively.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.40-53
• /
• 2002

This study was based on the analysis of earth and environmental science items in PISA 2000 data. The purpose of this study was to identify i) gender differences in scientific literacy, ii) item characteristics that favored either female or male, and iii) misconceptions that 15-years-old Korean students have in the field of earth and environmental science. The results revealed significant gender differences. Overall, male students demonstrated higher level of achievement than female students. On the other hand, amongst high ability students, female students outperformed male students in open-constructed items. Female students tended to score higher on items that required long answers or items related to scientific processes, whereas male students outperformed female students in science knowledge or items that required data interpretation. The study also revealed that a majority of Korean students had misconceptions in fundamental earth and environmental science knowledge, such as the direction of earth's axis and equator, and the causes of Greenhouse Effect.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
• /
• 1991.04a
• /
• pp.17-22
• /
• 1991

최근 기계장치로부터 발생하는 소음을 감소시키는 새로운 방법으로서, 능동 적으로 소음을 제어하는 방법에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 이것은 원하지 않는 소음을 그 신호의 역위상을 갖는 부가음을 이용하여 능동적으 로 감쇠시키는 방법으로서, 저주파수 대역에서 비효율적인 수동적인 방법인 소음기둥에 대한 대안으로 많은 학자들의 관심의 대상이 되어 왔다. 초기에 는 소음을 줄이기 위해 요구되는 여러가지 음향요소의 전달함수를 제어하는 데 대한 불가능성으로 인해 능동 소음제어에 대한 실질적인 발전이 지연되 어 왔으나 최근 마이크로 컴퓨터를 비롯한 전자공학의 발전으로 인해 적응 신호처리 분야가 등장하게 되었으며, 음향계의 소음을 원하는 수준까지 제어 하는 능동 소음제어의 실시간 구현이 가능하게 되었다. 그 중에서도 음이 1 차원적으로 전파한다고 볼 수 있는 길이가 긴 덕트구조물에서의 능동 소음 제어는 가장 기본적이며 현실적으로 자동차 배기계나 냉동.공조설비에 있어 서 실용적으로 적용할 수 있는 문제임 만큼 많은 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 이러한 능동 소음제어 방법을 음향계에 적용하였을 때, 부가적인 음을 발생 하는 제어용 스피커로 인해 입력마이크로폰으로의 음향궤환이 존재하고 이 에 따라 제어계가 불안정해질 수 있으며, 또한 변환기의 사용으로 인한 부가 적인 전달함수가 존재하므로 이에 대한 중요한 의미를 갖고 고려하여야 한 다. 본 연구에서는 적응 필터링 이론에 의한 소음원의 입력신호에 대한 최적 한 예측으로써 부가음을 발생시키고, 입력신호 및 제어된 출력신호간의 차인 오차를 최소화 시키도록 하는 오차적응제어법을 이용한 능동소음 제어 방법 을 제시하였다. 이와 아울러 제어계의 환경변화에 따른 파라메타의 변화에 적응적으로 응답이 가능해야 하는 적응 소음제어 시스템에서, 음향궤환과 함 께 필히 고려해야 하는 부가적인 전달함수의 영향을 고려한 능동 소음제어 에 대해 연구하였다. 경량화 추세에 따라 지반이나 케이싱이 경량이거나 유연하여 회전축과 동적으로 연성된 경우 회전축-베어링-지반으로 이루어진 2중구조의 회전축 계 동특성을 해석할 수 있는 프로그램을 개발하므로서 회전 기계류의 진동 전반에 걸친 문제점에 대한 그 원인과 현상을 명확히 분석하여 국내의 전기 계류의 보다 신뢰성있는 설계 및 제작자료를 확보하는데 기여할 수 있게 하 였다.존의 small molecular Gd-chelate에 비해 매우 큼을 알 수 있었다. MnPC는 간세포에 흡수된 후 담도계로 배출되는 간특이성 조영제임을 확인하였다. 장비 내에서 반복 시행한 평균값의 차이는 대체적으로 유의한 차이가 없었으나, 다른 장비에서 반복 시행한 장비간의 사이에는 유의한 차이가 있는 경우가 더 많았다. 따라서 , MRS 검사를 소뇌나 뇌교의 어떤 절환에 적용하기 전에 각 장비 마다 정상 기준치를 반드시 얻은 후에 이상여부를 판 정하는 것이 필수적이라고 생각된다.EX> 이상이 적절한 진단기준으로 생각되었다. $0.4{\;}\textrm{cm}^3$ 이상의 좌우 부피차를 보이는 모든 증례에서 육안적으로도 해마위축이 뚜렷이 나타났다. 결론 : MR영상을 이용한 해마의 부피측정은 해마경화증 환자의 진단에 있어 육안적인 MR 진단이 어려운 제한된 경우에만 실제적 도움을 줄 수 있는 보조적인 방법으로 생각된다.ofile whereas relaxivity at high field is not affected by τS. On the other hand, the change in τV does not affect low field profile but strongly in fluences on both inflection fie이 and the maximum relaxivity value. The results shows a fluences on both inflection field

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
• /
• v.6 no.3
• /
• pp.57-66
• /
• 2007

Weaving is defined as the crossing of two or more traffic streams traveling in the same general direction along a significant length of highway without the aid of traffic control devices. Compared with other freeway sections, perturbation is easy to happen at weaving section. Because there are a lot of lane-changing maneuvers at the weaving section, traffic is subject to turbulence in excess of that normally presents on freeway basic section. This turbulence causes operational problems and its impact must be considered. The purpose of this paper is to perform a basic study on flow characteristics by lane, which can be achieved through analyzing breakdown phenomenon in the microscopic approach. The study made use of data derived from the aerial photography for the microscopic analysis. This research produced the 30-second interval data such as flows, speeds, and densities for the macroscopic analysis and derived the vehicular data to draw time-space diagram for the microscopic analysis. The paper analyzed the traffic characteristics using flows, speeds and densities variation and investigated the conditions of breakdown occurrence with the time-space diagrams. The breakdown phenomenon was identified at weaving section and the propagation from free flow to synchronized flow was observed in this study. In the future, the findings help develop the traffic operational algorithm to manage the traffic congestion under ubiquitous circumstance since the conditions of breakdown Phenomenon can be understood more.

• Korean journal of communication and information
• /
• v.32
• /
• pp.169-207
• /
• 2006

This study conducted both a content analysis and Q-methods analysis in order to find media coverage and recognition type of users about ubiquitous environment in digital online age. The perception type of this study were divided into four types in all through Q-methodology. Above all, this study investigated three research problems. First, how is the type of the perception divided into the subjectivity by recognition-characteristic on ubiquitous environment in Korea? Second, what is a trait of character in these same or different types? Third, how did news media cover ubiquitous phenomena overall? Fourth, is there any difference between media coverage and audiences' perception about ubiquitous phenomena? The results show that audiences seem to generally follow the frames that mass media provide. In addition, however, the audiences tend to recognize ubiquitous environment based upon their own schema as following four types: 1. Positive Universality Leading Type, 2. Uncertain Prudence Preference Type, 3. Future Cultural Enjoyment Type, 4. Negative Effect View Type. This study suggests that every efforts such as technology and policies that can improve the quality of ubiquitous environment in Korea should be accompanied.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.24 no.5
• /
• pp.585-596
• /
• 2012

In this study, the flexural characteristics of reinforced polymer concrete T-beams strengthened with GFRP, typically used for bridges and parking structures, are investigated. A method to determine the flexural failure mode of reinforced polymer concrete T-beams comprised of compression failure (CF), tension failure (TF), and fiber sheet failure (FF) for different levels of GFRP strengthening is proposed. Moreover, the present study provides a formula to calculate the design flexural strength for each failure mode. In reinforced polymer concrete T-beams strengthened with GFRP, an ideal failure mode can be achieved when the failure occurs in the following order: 1) yield of steel reinforcement, 2) failure of GFRP, and 3) compression failure of concrete. In the case of FF mode, due to GFRP failure before the polymer concrete crushing in compression region, a concept of equivalent rectangular block based on the ultimate limit state of concrete should not be used. Thus, this study suggests an idealized stress-strain curve for polymer concrete and finds parameters for stress block, ${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$ based on the strain distribution in polymer concrete. Furthermore, the present study suggests an aspect ratio of 2.5 by examining the compressive stress distribution and design flexural strength characteristics for different aspect ratio of T-beams. This study also provides a design flexural strength formula, and validates its acceptability based on experiment and theoretical analysis.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
• /
• v.22 no.5
• /
• pp.543-561
• /
• 2020

This paper is the result of the study on the effect of the support structure of the tunnel steel rib. In tunnel excavation, the top and bottom half excavation methods result in subsidence of steel rib reinforcement due to insufficient support of steel rib reinforcement when the ground is poor after excavation. The foundation of the steel rib installed in the upper half excavates the bottom part of the base, causing the subsidence to occur due to various effects such as internal load and lateral pressure. As a result, the tunnel is difficult to maintain and its safety is problematic. To solve these problems, steel rib support structures have been developed. For the purpose of verification, the behavior of the supporting structure is verified by model experiments reduced to shotcrete and steel rib material similarity, the numerical analysis of ΔP and ΔP generated by bottom excavation by Terzaghi theoretical equation. As a result, it was found that the support structure of 20.100~198.423 kN is required for the 10~40 m section of the depth for each soil of weathered soil~soft rock. In addition, as a result of the reduced model experiment, a fixed level of 50% steel rib deposit of steel rib support structure was installed. The study shows that the installation of steel rib support structures will compensate for uncertainties and various problems during construction. It is also thought that the installation of steel rib support structure will have many effects such as stability, economy, and air reduction.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.1-29
• /
• 2009

As foreign investors' share holdings in Korean firms have dramatically increased since 1998 following the financial deregulation on the limit of foreign stock investment, the concern over the negative impacts the foreign investors would bring on the firms' financial policy has been growing too. Foreign investors were perceived to require the firms of excessive payments of cash dividends sometimes with threat of hostile takeover trials detering the firm from investing its cash flow in the physical facilities and RandD eroding their potential growth capabilities. We examine the impact of foreign investment on the firms' dividend policy using 234 listed firms' panel data over the sample periods of 1998 to 2005 employing various panel regression methodology. Foreign shareholders are found not to be related or even negatively related to the payout ratio(dividend/net income), but positively and statistically significantly related to the ratio of cash dividends to book of asset, negatively to the dividend yields. Considering the payout ratio is the most appropriate measure for the dividend payment, we can not support the arguments that the foreign investors' holdings have induced the excessive dividend level in Korean firms.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.25-33
• /
• 1983

This study is directed to propose a set of reliability based design provisions which gives more rational design for R.C. columns than the current WSD or USD standard design codes. Cornell's MFOSM theory is used for the derivation of the algorithm for the evaluation of uncertainties associated with resistances, whereas the magnitude of the uncertainties associated with load effects are chosen primarily by considering our level of practice. And thus the uncertainties so obtained are applied for the reliability analysis and the derivation of reliability based design criteria. A target reliability(${\beta}_0=4.0$) is selected as an appropriate value by comparing the values used in foreign countries and by analyzing the reliability levels of our current USD and WSD design standars. Then, a set of load and resistance factors corresponding to the target reliability is proposed as a reliability based design provision, and furthermoere a set of allowable stresses for reinforcing steel and concrete having same level of relibity with the corresponding LRFD criteria is also propared for the current WSD design provision. It may be concluded that the proposed LRFD reliability based design provisions and the corresponding allowable stresses give more rational design than the current code for R.C. columns and may be desirable to introdue into the current WSD and USD provision of R.C. column design.