• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 해양환경안전학회 2003년도 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.59-67
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• 2003

The prevention of marine accidents has been a major topic in marine society for long time and various safety policies and Countermeasures have been developed and applied to prevent those accidents. In spite of these efforts, however significant marine accidents have taken place intermittently. Ship is being operated under a highly dynamic environments and many factors are related with ship's collision and those factors are interacting. So, the analysis on ship's collision causes are very important to prepare countermeasures which will ensure the safe navigation. This study analysed the ship's collision data over the past 10 years(1991-2000), which is compiled by Korea Marine Accidents Inquiry Agency. The analysis confirmed that ‘ship's collision’ is occurred most frequently and the cause is closely related with human factor. The main purpose of this study is to propose risk control countermeasures of ship's collision. For this, the structure of human factor is analysed by the questionnaire methodology. Marine experts were surveyed based on major elements that were extracted from the human factor affecting to ship's collision. FSM has been widely adopted in modeling a dynamic system which is composed of human factors. Then, the structure analysis on the causes of ship's collision using FSM are performed. This structure model could be used in understanding and verifying the procedure of real ship's collision. Furthermore it could be used as the model to prevent ship's collision and reduce marine accidents.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.51-56
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• 2003

The prevention of marine accidents has been a major topic in marine society for long time and various safety policies and Countermeasures have been developed and applied to prevent those accidents. In spite of these efforts, however significant marine accidents have taken place intermittently. Ship is being operated under a highly dynamic environments and many factors are related with ship's collision and those factors are interacting. So, the analysis on ship's collision rouses are very important to prepare countermeasures which will ensure the safe navigation. This study analysed the ship's collision data over the past 10 years(1991-2000), which is compiled by Korea Marine Accidents Inquiry Agency. The analysis confirmed that ‘ship's collision’ is occurred most frequently and the cause is closely related with human factor. The main purpose if this study is to propose risk control countermeasures of ship's collision. For this, the structure of human factor is analysed by the questionnaire methodology. Marine experts were surveyed based on major elements that were extracted from the human factor affecting to ship's collision FSM has been widely adopted in modeling a dynamic system which is composed of human factors. Then, the structure analysis on the rouses of ship's collision using FSM are performed. This structure model could be used in understanding and verifying the procedure of real ship's collision. Furthermore it could be used as the model to prevent ship's collision and to reduce marine accidents.

• Maritime Security
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.37-56
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• 2023

Recently, with the rapid development of ICT(Information and Communication Technology) and AI(Artificial Intelligence) technology industries, the emergence of MASS(Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship), which were thought only in the distant future, is approaching a reality. Along with the development of these amazing technologies, changes in the private law sector, such as liability, compensation for damages, and maritime insurance, as well as in the public law sector, such as maritime safety, marine environment protection, and maintenance of maritime order, have become necessary in the field of maritime law. In particular, with the advent of a new type of ship called MASS that does not have a crew on board, the kind and type of liability, compensation for damages, and insurance contracts in the event of a marine accident will also change. In this paper, the general theory about concept, classification, effectiveness and future of MASS and the general theory about concept and various obligations and responsibilities under the maritime law for discussion of MASS are reviewed. Next, in addition, regarding the problems that may occur in the event of a marine accident from MASS, the status as a ship, the legal relationship of the chartering contract, obligation to exercise due diligence in making the vessel seaworthiness, subject of responsibility, and liability for damages and immunity are reviewed from the perspective of maritime law. In addition, in the degree four of MASS, the necessities of further research to clarify the attributable subjects and standards of responsibility in the event of a marine accident, as well as the necessities of institutional improvement such as technology development, enactment and amendment of law and funding are presented.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.367-373
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• 2003

The marine accident investigation of Korean Marine Safety Tribunal does not keep up with the international rule and guideline. Also there is no manual for a proper investigation into the marine accident. This study analyzed the investigation system and manual of Korea. USA and Japan etc., and proposed the new investigation system and manual of KMST including the inquiry guideline according to the type of marine accident.

• Strategy21
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• 통권31호
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• pp.251-293
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• 2013

해적은 공해상 해상안전을 위협 한다는 점에서 '인류공동의 적'으로 규정되어 모든 국가가 이를 규제할 수 있는 보편적 관할권이 행사되는 범죄이다. 한국을 포함한 아시아 지역 국가들은 말라카해협 통항에 관해 깊은 이해관계를 갖고 있어 해적 소탕에 대한 의지가 강한 편이다. 이러한 의지는 2006년 '아시아해적퇴치정보공유센터(ReCAAP ISO)'의 창설에 밑거름이 되었으며, 아시아 지역에서 해적이 출현하면 동 센터를 통해 17개국 회원국으로 즉시 통보되고, 주변국의 해경과 해군이 유기적인 작전을 통해 해적을 효율적으로 퇴치하고 있는 모범사례다. 그러나 2009년 소말리아 내란에 따른 무정부 상태가 지속되면서 소말리아 및 아덴만에서의 해적활동이 극성을 부리기 시작했으며, 선박납치 행위가 급증하자 세계 각국에서 함정과 항공기를 파견하여 해적퇴치 활동을 전개하고 있으나 근절되지 않을 뿐만 아니라 해적의 활동해역이 확대되고 있다. 이러한 배경 하에 시작된 본 연구는 연구결과를 중심으로 다음과 같은 대응 방안을 제시한다. 첫째, 소말리아 해적의 근본원인은 국가의 붕괴에서 비롯된 치안부재와 열악한 경제사정 등 내부적인 요인이 크기 때문에 다국적 해군 활동으로 인한 근본적인 해적퇴치에는 한계가 있다. 따라서 국제적인 차원에서 '지역협력협정'체결은 물론, 소말리아 국가재건을 위한 노력이 함께 이루어지는 종합적인 대책이 필요하다. 그러나 보다 더 근본적인 해결책은 유엔차원에서 빠른 시간 내에 소말리아가 정치적 안정을 유지할 수 있도록 정치적 차원에서의 지원이 필요하며, 해적과 테러리스트가 연계됨으로써 국제문제로 확대되지 않도록 하는 노력도 병행되어야 한다. 둘째, 해적문제는 특정국가에만 해당되는 것이 아니라 초국가적인 문제임을 감안하여 유엔안전보장이사회 결의 제1851호에서 '지역 센터' 설립을 권고하고 있는 것처럼 2006년 아시아 국가들이 설치한 ReCAAP ISO와 같은 형태의 지역국가 간 협력기구 또는 유엔 차원의 해적 전담기구를 설치하여 국제사회 공조 하에 해적에 대처하는 방안을 추진하는 것이 필요하다. 셋째, 최근 발생하고 있는 해적행위는 주로 항구 등 내수, 영해 등 연안국의 관할권이 행사되는 지역에서 발생하고 있어 유엔해양법상의 규정은 이러한 '해적' 퇴치에 더 이상 효율적이지 못하다. 국제사회는 이러한 문제점을 인식하여 국제해사기구 (IMO) 등 국제기구를 통해 영해내의 해적 처벌을 위해 최선의 노력을 기울이고 있다. 향후 궁극적으로는 유엔해양법협약의 개정을 통해 법적인 문제점이 개선되어야 한다. 넷째, 전술적인 측면에서도 지상에 기지를 두고 있는 해적들의 지도부가 그 동안 쌓아 놓은 네트워크를 이용하여 다국적 해군에 대한 정보를 수집하고 대응방안을 강구함으로써 나름대로의 생존전략을 구사할 것으로 예상된다. 특히, 선박을 납치한 후 소말리아 연안으로 이동하면서 해군함정과 대치하는 과정에서 해적들이 살상을 당하는 사례가 증가함에 따라 지금까지는 피랍된 선박의 선원을 단순히 해적활동에 참여시키거나, 항해지원을 위한 목적 등으로만 활용했는데, 앞으로는 해적들의 인명피해를 최소화하기 위해서라도 선원들을 방패막이로 활용할 가능성이 더욱 높아질 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 참가하는 해군함정 또는 부대간 해적들의 활동 관련 정보를 공유하는 등 사전에 정보를 획득하기 위한 협력을 강화해야 한다. 다섯째, 한국군함이 삼호주얼리호를 납치했던 소말리아 해적을 한국까지 대리고 와서 처벌하는 것은 불합리하고, 많은 문제점을 야기할 수 있기 때문에 향후 해적처벌을 위한 국제사법기구의 설치가 요구된다. 회원국 분담금으로 운영되는 유엔에 산하기관을 설치하여 소말리아 인접국에서 해결하도록 적극적인 노력을 경주할 필요가 있다. 마지막으로, 선박회사에서도 자국 선박이 위험구역으로 지정된 해역을 항해할 경우를 대비해서 선박자동식별 시스템 구축을 확대하고, 해적이 선박에 승선했을 경우를 대비해서 안전구역(citadel)을 설치하여 선원의 안전을 확보하는 등의 대책이 필요하다. 본 연구를 통해 해양안보는 어느 특정국가에게만 주어진 것이 아니며, 해적행위도 특정 국가의 선박을 대상으로 하는 것이 아니므로 각국 정부간 공동의 협력과 국제사회의 공조가 반드시 실현될 때 해적의 위협으로부터 선박의 안전과 국제사회의 평화가 실현될 수 있다는 것을 강조하고자 한다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.389-397
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• 2018

Modern countries have almost ratified the UN Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities and are creating environments to prevent discrimination against these individuals. In 1996, the International Maritime Organization presented a recommendation for the design and operation of passenger ships to respond to elderly and disabled persons' needs. In Korea, an act on the promotion of transportation convenience for mobility disadvantaged persons has been implemented, and facilities for the disabled have been rapidly installed in ships, vehicles, aircraft, railways and passenger terminals. However, the maritime transport environment is less concerned about disabled persons than safety. In this study, basic research was conducted to improve the maritime transport environment for disabled people in Korea through a field survey and literature survey. As a result, it was found that relevant laws and regulations have not been properly applied to excursion ships and ferries as well as small-scale ports, which are responsible for a large part of coastal passenger transportation. In addition to low installation rates of facilities for the transportation of persons with disabilities in ships and terminals, loose equipment was also considered. Therefore, it is necessary to protect the human rights of persons with disabilities, which are universal values of humanity, by complementing laws and introducing improved facilities.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 한국항해항만학회 2015년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.279-282
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• 2015

Fisheries development of the basic law pursuant to article 15 (marine safety management, etc.) one of maritime safety and maritime traffic facilities nationwide network of DGPS in accordance with the building maximize infrastructure utilization and country. Source technology has been improving steadily raised for the benefit daegukmin. In particular, look at the type of product for the marine supply medium-wave receiver Performance products that satisfy most of the IMO Advisory. The antenna and receiver are separate structural supply for some integrated model with a very high Rather it is used as a portable receivers for marine positioning cheap integrated model development is needed. Correction of satellite navigation receivers for the current Marine GPS module, medium-wave modules can be developed one low cost Integrated in independent operating environments do not support the model development done look at what the problem is 285kHz ~ 315kHz in DGPS Beacon receiver structure using a medium wave or Beacon The medium-wave antenna and a GPS receiver signal to noise ratio was studied GPS signal attenuation on the DGPS performance looked at each GPS manufacturer medium-wave signal-to-noise ratio and normalized impact by GPS manufacturers noise power ratio per bandwidth for medium-wave GPS signals affect it was implemented to improve performance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.10-18
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• 2022

With the increase in world trade through ships, the destruction of the marine ecosystem and socioeconomic damage due to invasive alien species (IAS) are continuously increasing. In particular, marine organisms attached on the hull surface and niche area increase the friction resistance of ships as well as the invasion of non-indigenous species, and causes a decrease in operational efficiency and an increase in GHG (Green House Gas) emissions. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has recently begun revising guidelines for the control and management of ship's biofouling, and New Zealand and California in the United States are already regulating biofouling management under their own laws. This study investigated the management status of the submerged surface of ships and marine organisms attachments on five international ships entering South Korea, and analyzed species group and coverage (%) of biofouling communities to evaluate the LoF (Level of Fouling) rank. Macroflouling was observed on all ships surveyed, and specially, the adhesion of macro organisms in niche areas such as bow thruster, bilge keels and sea-chest gratings appeared to be at a serious level. This study proposed the management direction our country should take with regard to ship's biofouling and the improvement measures for evaluation of LoF rank and inspection methods of hull and niche ares.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.371-377
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• 2018

Navigational equipment standardization mode is a function which is used to standardize key functions, screen display and operation method of major navigation equipment. This is aimed towards to quickly and accurately checking information relevant for safe navigation. Currently, the International Maritime Organization is working on the development of guidelines for the application of navigational equipment in the standardized mode to the task of NCSR Sub-Committee. This study was conducted to investigate users' opinions and preferences in the application of standardization modes and to reflect them in the development of guidelines. In addition, the test program was designed to investigate user preferences for ECDIS among the navigational equipment, such as the types of information and functions that are necessary or preferentially required to perform navigational duties, and the screen configuration. In the study, 333 preference surveys were conducted in 35 countries using a web - based test program. ECDIS users confirmed the content and screen layout of their preferred ECDIS information when conducting navigation duty. The results of the study are significant as they contribute to the development of effective guidelines by presenting user requirements to be considered in the standardization mode.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.439-446
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• 2020

The IMO has adopted emission standards through Annex VI of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) that strictly prohibit the use of bunker C oil for vessels. In this study, we have adopted the turret-moored Floating LNG-Bunkering Terminal (FLBT) which is designed to receive the LNG from LNGCs and transfer it to LNG-bunkering shuttles in side-by-side moored condition. Numerical analyses were carried out using the high-order boundary-element method for four vessels at various relative distances. Mean wave drift forces were compared in an operational sea state. A model test was performed in the ocean engineering basin at the Korea Research Institute of Ships & Ocean Engineering (KRISO) to verify the safety of the berthing/unberthing operation. In the model test, a jig was designed to simulate tug boats pushing or pulling the bunkering vessels, so that the friction force of the g operation was not affected. Safety depended on the environmental direction, with more stable operation possible if the heading-control function of FLBT is applied to avoid beam-sea conditions.