• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.102-107
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• 1997

Ginseng root, as a folk medicine, has been used in far eastern countries for thousands of years. Ginseng extract has been shown to have a variety of effects on the activity of the central nervous system, promoting stimulation as well as inhibition of the cortical activity. A survey of the relevant literatures has indicated that the putative anxiolytic activity of red ginseng has not been scientifically investigated. Therefore, the present study was designed to assess anxiolytic effect of gingseng total saponins(GTS). The putative anxiolytic effects of several fractions of GTS were investigated in mice using an elevated plus maze paradigm. Single dose administration of TS Fr.-I showed anxiolytic action in mice. Anxiolytic effect induced by TS Fr.-I was similar to that induced by diazepam. TS Fr.-II, TS Fr.-III and TS Fr.-IV did not show the anxiolytic action compared with that of TS Fr.-I. It was suggested that regulation of GABAergic neurotransmission may be important in the action of GTS. The Interaction of GTS fractions with benzodiazepine receptor was performed using rat cortical membranes. GTS inhibited the binding of [3H] Ro 15-1788 on the benzodiazepine receptor. Among from TS fractions, the binding activity of GTS in the TS Fr.-IV was highest, which did not show the anxiolytic activity. From these results, we conclude that GTS has anxiolytic action, and this is not related to benzodiazepine receptor binding activity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1994.04a
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• pp.312-312
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• 1994

중추신경계 작용약물은 동물행동에 대단히 민감하게 작용한다. 본 연구에서는 동물일반 활동에 대한 중추신경계 약물의 효과와 단독 사육동물의 공격성 행동에 대한 중추신경계 약물의 효과를 연구한 결과 생쥐의 일반활동 pentobarbital, chloral hydrate, paraldehyde 등 수면제 투여 후 마취에 이르기 전 초기활동이 대조군에 비하여 현저하게 증가하였으나 diazepam, clomazepam등 항불안제 투여 동물에서는 초기활동 증가현상을 나타내지 않았다. 또한 생쥐를 단독 사육후 침입자에 대한 행동은 항불안제 약물투여시 공격성 행동이 현저하게 감소하였다. 이상의 결과는 중추신경계 작용약물중수면, 마취 효과를 나타내는 약물과 항불안제의 효과를 감별하는 방법으로 대단히 유용할 것으로 기대된다.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.8-13
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• 2009

Objective : SCP-20, a yeast hydrolysate from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has exhibited anti-stress, anti-anxiety, and antidepressant effects in animal studies. The objective of this study was to test the effects of SCP-20 on healthy controls and to assess its effects on stress response, depression and, anxiety. Methods : Sixty-one healthy volunteers (30 male, 31 female) were recruited and screened for significant psychiatric and medical conditions. Baseline measures of stress, anxiety, and depression were taken using questionnaires such as the Stress Response Inventory (SRI), Beck's Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI), and the physiological measure of heart rate variability (HRV). Each subject was assigned randomly to a group taking capsules containing either 70% SCP-20 (i.e. the SCP70 group), 99.5% SCP-20 (i.e. the SCP99.5 group), or a placebo. Follow up measures were taken at week 4. Results : Subjects taking SCP-20 showed significant improvement in SRI and BAI scores compared to those taking placebo. For BDI scores, there was no significant difference between groups. No significant adverse effects were reported. Conclusions : This study suggests that SCP-20 is effective in alleviating stress and anxiety symptoms in healthy individuals, and has little or no side effects. However, the role of of SCP-20 in alleviating depression needs further clarification. Studiess examining its effects in psychiatric populations are needed to establish its role in alternative medicine.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.83-92
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• 1994

Paroxetine is a potent and selective serotoin re-uptake inhibitor. It is well known as an effective and safe antidepressant and increasingly used for neurotic or non-psychotic depression with anxiety symptoms. The present study assessed antidepressant and antianxiety efficacy and tolerability of paroxetine against placebo in child-adolescent and adult depressive neurosis patients. 232 subjects aged 8-55 years and meeting DSM-III-R criteria for depressive neurosis or dysthymia were divided into 8 subgroups according to their sex and age(8-11 yeard old, 12-17 years old, 18-35 years old and 36-55 years old subgroup in each male and female group). In each subgroup, the randomly assigned half of the patients were treated with paroxetine(10-30mg/day) and the others with placebo for the first 2 weeks in double blind fashion. After 1 week of drug-washout period, paroxetine and placebo groups were crossed over. The depression and anxiety symptoms were assessed with Hamilton Depression Scale(HDS) and Hamilton Anxiety Scale(HAS) at baseline and every 1 week during the trial periods. The levels of reduction in HDS and HAS scores from baseline after 2-week trial were compared between paroxetine- and placebo- treated periods by paired t-test. In all the 8 subgroups, statistically significant differences between paroxetine and placebo were found on the antidepressant efficacy after 2-week treatment. The antidepressant efficacy of paroxetine compared to placebo was most prominent in child and adolescent female groups. On anxiety symptoms, paroxetine was also significantly more effective than placebo. The antianxiety efficacy of paroxetine compared to placebo was most prominent in male and female child groups and young adult female group aged 18-35 years. As for the adverse effects of paroxetine, 3 out of 232 subjects reported mild indigestion and abdominal pain. however, in all the 3 cases, the symptoms improved without reduction of dosage or discontinuation of the drug. In conclusion, paroxetine showed significantly higher antidepressant and antianxiety efficacy compared to placebo in child-adolescent and adult depressive neurosis patients after 2-week treatment. Further trials of paroxetine in depressive neurosis are warranted to elucidate the long-term antidepressant and antianxiety efficacy of paroxetine.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.243-252
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• 2007

Anti-depressant and anti-anxiety effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae extract and its hydrolyzed fraction. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae extract (SCE) and its hydrolyzed fraction (SCE-40) on depression and anxiety-related behaviors in mice. Actions of SCE and SCE-40 on serotonin, norepinephrine and GABAergic systems in the rat cerebral cortex membranes were also examined. SCE and SCE-40 significantly reduced the immobility time in the forced swimming and tail suspension test in mice. Duration time of the open arms in the elevated plus maze test was significantly increased in the SCE and SCE-40-treated groups, compared with the saline-treated control group. SCE and its fraction SCE-40 significantly inhibited serotonin and norepinephrine transporter and GABA receptor binding, compared to the saline-treated group. In addition, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake were significantly suppressed by SCE and SCE-40. These results demonstrate that SCE and SCE-40 produce anti-depressant and anti-anxiety effects through enhancing central serotonin, norepinephrine and GABAergic transmissions. These results suggest that SCE and SCE-40 as functional food might prove to be an effective antidepressant and anti-anxiety agent.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 1998.04a
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• pp.17-17
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• 1998

연소반응을 가지는 후류(wake)는 가스터빈 연소실의 flame holder 등에서 발생한다. 후류유동의 안정성 혹은 불안정성은 이러한 유동에 있어서 많은 영향을 끼치므로 상당히 중요하다. 본 연구는 위와 같이 연소 반응에 의한 밀도구배를 가지는 후류유동에 대하여 불안정성 해석을 수행하였다. 교란에 대한 지배방정식은 Navier-Stokes 방정식에서 점성항을 제외한 Euler 방정식을 고려하였다. 충류유동의 압력은 일정하다고 가정하였다. 교란 방정식을 유도하기 위하여 충류 유동이 평행하여 유동 방향에 수직한 방향의 구배만이 존재한다고 가정하였다. 모든 변수들은 충류 유동의 값과 움직이는 파장의 형태를 가지는 작은 교란의 합으로 생각하여 압력에 대한 교란방정식을 구하며, shooting법과 Newton-Raphson법에 근거를 두는 반복법을 사용하여 풀었다. 불안정성 해석을 수행하는 기본 유동의 속도장 및 온도장은 불안정성 해석을 수행하는 기본 유동의 속도장 및 온도장은 비압축성의 경우 우선 Gaussian Profile 가정함과 동시에 연소반응을 포함하는 유동장을 보다 정확히 구하기 위하여 Navier-Stokes 방정식으로부터 구한 결과를 사용하였다. 연소반응을 포함하는 유동장을 구할 때에는 해석상 편의를 위해 예혼합물질은 이상기체로, 화학반응은 1단계의 비가역반응으로 가정하였으며, 반응열로 인한 부력의 효과는 무시하였다. 위와 같은 유동장을 가지고 불안정성 해석을 수행한 결과 후류유동은 두 개의 변곡점을 가지며 sinuous 모드와 varicose모드의 두 개의 불안정성 모드가 있음을 보였다. 밀도 변화가 있는 경우나 밀도 변화가 없는 경우 모두 sinuous 모드의 가장 불안정한 모드가 varicose 모드의 가장 불안정한 모드보다 더 불안정함을 보여주어 후류 유동은 자유 유동에 가까운 위상 속도를 가지는 sinuous 모드에 의해 지배될 것임을 예측할 수 있다. 연소반응이 완전연소에 가까울수록 그리고 압축성 효과가 클수록 유동내부의 온도가 증가하고 점성 또한 증가하여 후류유동은 안정됨을 알 수 있었다 유동변수들의 contour로부터 유동의 특성을 예측한 결과 baroclinic 항이 dilatational 항보다 상대적으로 크며, 중심선 상하에 생기는 vortex를 더욱 성장시킬 것으로 생각된다.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.767-773
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the anxiolytic-like effect of the methanol extract of Sophorae fructus (MESF) using elevated plus-maze (EPM), open field test, and horizontal wire test in mice. MESF was orally administered at doses of 50, 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg to ICR mice 1 h before behavioral evaluation. The control group was given an equal volume of 10% Tween 80, and the positive control group was given diazepam (1 mg/kg, i.p.). The administration of MESF significantly increased the percentage of time spent in open arms and the entries into the open arms of the EPM compared with the 10% Tween 80-treated control group (p < 0.05). In addition, the anxiolytic-like activities of MESF were antagonized by flumazenil (a GABAA antagonist, 10 mg/kg) but not by WAY-100635 (a 5-HT1A antagonist, 0.3 mg/kg). Futhermore, there were no changes in the locomotor activity and myorelaxant effects of the experimental group, as opposed to the 10% Tween 80-treated control group. Therefore, these findings suggest that MESF promotes the anxiolytic-like activity mediated by the GABAergic nervous system in mice.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.265-271
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• 1997

Objective : A 4-week, single-blind, parallel group study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tofisopam and lorazepam in 32 outpatients with anxiety disorder. Methods : Patients were randomized to receive either tofisopam(N=17) or lorazepam(N=15). The starting dose of tofisopam was 50mg t.i.d. daily, which could be increased to a maximum of 100mg t.i.d. according to the patient's clinical response and side effect. The starting dose of lorazepam was 0.75mg b.i.d. daily, which could be increased to a maximum of 1.5mg b.i.d. depending on the patient's clinical response and side effect. Efficacy evaluations at baseline, week 1, 2, and 4 used the 14-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety(HAM-A) and Clinical Global Impression(CGI). Tolerability was assessed by response to a nonleading question concerning adverse events. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values were measured during trial. Results : No significant differences between HAM-A total scores, two HAM-A factors(psychic, somatic) and CGI severity scores were recorded at any point during tofisopam and lorazepam treatments. However, in each group there was a significant decrease in HAM-A total scores, two HAM-A factor s(psychic, somatic), CGI severity scores over time. The pecentages of patients with tofisopam who at least minimally improved increased from 64.7% at week 1 to 94.1% at week 4. The pecentages of patients with lorazepam who at least minimally improved increased from 40.0% at week 1 to 66.7% at week 4. The pecentages of patients with tofisopam who had not any adverse event increased from 58.8% at week 1 to 87.9% at week 4. The pecentages of patients with lorazepam who had not any adverse event were not changed from 46.7% at week 1 to 46.7% at week 4. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial in both groups. Conclusion : These data suggest that tofisopam may be effective in reducing anxiety and is a anti-anxiety drug of identical potency with lorazepam. Tolerability of tofisopam was superior to lorazepam. These findings should be confirmed by using double-blind crossover study with a large member of patients.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.290-296
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• 2014

The present experiment investigated putative anxiolytic-like effects of quercetin using an elevated plus-maze (EPM) and hole-board apparatus test in mice. Quercetin is a flavonoid widely distributed in nature. Quercetin (1.25, 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg) was orally administered to ICR mice 1 h before a behavioral evaluation in the EPM. Control mice were treated with an equal volume of vehicle, and positive control mice were treated with buspirone (2 mg/kg, i.p.). The mice administered quercetin (5 mg/kg) spent a significantly longer percentage of time in the open arms of the EPM and their percentage of entries into the open arms was significantly increased compared to the vehicle-treated controls (p<0.05). The anxiolytic-like activities of quercetin were antagonized by trans-4-aminocrotonic acid (a $GABA_{A-{\rho}}$ agonist, 20 mg/kg) but not by flumazenil (a $GABA_A$ antagonist, 10 mg/kg) or WAY-100635 (a $5-HT_{1A}$ antagonist, 0.3 mg/kg). Moreover, there were no changes in the locomotor activity or myorelaxant effects in any group compared with the vehicle-treated controls. In the hole-board apparatus test, the number of head-dips increased significantly in the single treatment with quercetin (5 mg/kg) group compared to the vehicle-treated controls (p<0.05). These findings suggest that quercetin can promote anxiolytic-like activity, mediated by the GABAergic nervous system, in mice.

• Proceedings of the KSCN Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.438-438
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• 2004

최근 들어, 건강에 대한 관심이 고조됨에 따라 일상생활에서 식품을 통해 단순하게 영양섭취나 기호성을 만족하기보다는 식품섭취를 통해 건강을 향상시킬 수 있는 기능성 식품을 선호하게 되었다. 현재까지의 우리나라의 기능성 식품시장은 영세할 뿐 아니라 개발된 기능성 식품의 과학적인 연구들도 또한 미비한 실정이다. Saccharomyces cerevisiea 가수 분해물은 여러 가지 영양성분이 풍부하여 자율신경 조절기능 향상으로 인한 항스트레스와 항피로 및 면역기능 강화 효과가 있으며 불안증 환자와 월경전증후군을 경험한 여성의 증상을 경감시킨다고 알려져 있다.(중략)