• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.286-292
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• 2016

1, 2-Hexanediol galactoside (HD-gal) has been synthesized from 1, 2-hexanediol (HD), a cosmetic preservative, using recombinant Escherichia coli ${\beta}$-galactosidase (${\beta}$-gal) at the high lactose concentration (300 g/l). To confirm the molecular structure of synthesized HD-gal, NMR ($^1H$- and $^{13}C$-) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry of HD-gal were conducted. $^1H$ NMR spectrum of HD-gal showed multiple peaks corresponding to the galactocyl group, which is an evidence of galactocylation on HD. Downfield proton peaks at ${\delta}_H$ 4.44 ppm and multiple peaks from ${\delta}_H$3.96~3.58 ppm were indicative of galactocylation on HD. Up field proton peaks at ${\delta}_H$ 1.60~1.35 ppm and 0.92 ppm showed the presence of $CH_2$ and $CH_3$ protons of HD. $^{13}C$ NMR spectrum revealed the presence of 21 carbons suggestive of ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$-anomers of HD-gal. Among 12 carbon peaks from each anomers, the 3 peaks at dC 68.6, 60.9 and 13.2 ppm were assigned to be overlapped showing only 21 peaks out of total 24 peaks. The mass value (protonated HD-gal, m/z = 281.1601) from mass spectrometry analysis of HD-gal, and $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ NMR spectral data were in well agreement with the expecting structure of HD-gal. For further study, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of HD-gal against bacteria will be investigated, and, in addition, cytotoxicity to human skin cells of HD-gal will be examined. It is expected that it will eventually be able to develop a new cosmetic preservative, which have low cytotoxicity against human skin cell and maintains antimicrobial effect.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.461-467
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• 2018

In this study, $(n-BuCp)_2ZrCl_2$, was supported on $SiO_2/MgCl_2$ binary support. Before supporting the catalyst, the $SiO_2/MgCl_2$ binary support was surface treated with three different alkyl aluminum compound, namely trimethylaluminum, triethylaluminum, and ethylaluminum sesquichloride. The synthesized surface-treated $SiO_2/MgCl_2$ supported metallocene catalysts were used for the copolymerization of ethylene and 1-hexene. Their catalytic properties and performances were analyzed through BET, XPS analysis, ICP-AES analysis, and FE-SEM. While the resulting copolymers were analyzed through DSC analysis, GPC analysis, 13C-NMR analysis, and FE-SEM. The analysis of synthesized surface-treated $SiO_2/MgCl_2$ supported metallocene catalysts showed that the Zr content of these catalysts is relatively lower compared to that of the catalyst supported on $SiO_2$. This could be attributed to the reduction in the surface area of $SiO_2$ due to the presence of recrystallized $MgCl_2$ and alkyl aluminum. Furthermore, they exhibited a better copolymerization activity compared to that of $SiO_2$ supported catalyst, particularly the EASC-surface treated binary support, which has the highest activity of 1.9 kg PE/($mmol-Zr^*hr$) because EASC acts as a strong Lewis acid. It could also be observed that the larger the ligand of alkyl aluminum used, the rougher the particle surface of the resulting polymer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.183-194
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of vitamin E on the synthesis of the metallothionein in the liver of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats($220{\pm}10mg$) were randomly assigned to one control and three STZ-diabetic groups. Diabetic groups were classified to STZ-0E(vitamine E free diet), STZ-40E(40mg vitamin E/kg of diet) and STZ-400E(400mg vitamin E/kg of diet) according to the level of vitamin E supplementation. Blood glucose levels of STZ-diabetic rats were three times higher than that of control. The contents of vitamin E in liver were lower signifciantly STZ-0E, STZ-40E groups by 50%, 36% compared with that of control. Lipid peroxide values(LPO) in liver were higher 5.6 and 2.5 times in STZ-0E and STZ-40E groups than that of control. Plasma cortisol levels were higher STZ-0E and STZ-40E groups compared with those of control, but cortisol levels were lower significantly in STZ-400E group compared with those of the STZ-0E and the STZ-40E groups. The plasma insulin levels were lower in all three STZ-diabetic group compared with that of control, but were not affected by the level of dietary vitamin E. The metallothionein (MT) contents in liver, kidney and small intestine were five times higher in STZ-0E, STZ-40E and STZ-400E compared with that of control, but STZ-400E group was lower in the MT contents in tissues compared with that of STZ-40E group. Zn-MT peak in STZ-diabetic rats liver increased than that of control by Sephadex G-75, and Zn-MT peak divided into MTI and MTII peaks by DEAE Sephadex A-25 column chromatography. The present results indicate that STZ-induced diabetic rats are more sensitive to oxidative stress, leading to the acceleration of lipid peroxidation process, which can be more promoted low level of dietary vitamin E. And the result may that increase synthesis of MT induced in the liver of diabetic rats increased so it can be sure that the diabetes is one of the MT induce factor by free radical generation. And high vitamin E supplementation reduced total MT contents of liver, kidney and small intestine and the peak of purified Zn-MT. Through the results of these experiments, we can conclude that MT might be the free radical scavenger.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.389-395
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the combined effect of fatty acid synthase (FASN) and Acetyl CoA Carboxylase-${\alpha}$ (ACACA) genes on carcass traits of Korean cattle (Hanwoo). A total of 1,057 commercial Hanwoo cattle provided by the NongHyup Livestock Research Center (NLRC) and Hanwoo Performance Competition (HPC) were used to analyze the effect of four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within FASN (g.11280A>G, g.16024A>G, g.16039T>C, and g.17924A>G) and one SNP within ACACA (g.2274G>A) genes. In addition, the effect of genotypic combinations between FASN (g.17924A>G) and ACACA (g.2274G>A) SNPs has been studied with carcass traits. Significant associations were identified between g.17924A>G of FASN and carcass weight and back fat, and between the ACACA gene SNP g.2274G>A and longissimus muscle area with HPC samples. It was also found that both effects of FASN g.17924A>G and ACACA g.2274G>A polymorphisms were consistent in NLRC samples. Combined analyses of both NLRC and HPC samples also revealed the significant associations between the FASN g.17924A>G and carcass weight and back fat and between the ACACA g.2274G>A and back fat, respectively. The effect of the genotypic combination of g.17924A>G within FASN and g.2274G>A within ACACA genes showed that the combination of both GG genotypes of FASN and ACACA SNPs causes higher carcass weight and marbling score. The results of this study indicate that the two SNP markers within the FASN and ACACA genes can be utilized to select superior Hanwoo cows and calves in commercial Hanwoo farms.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1998

For the purpose of finding new cathode materials for medium-temperature $(700\~800^{\circ}C)$ solid oxide fuel cells, $Gd_{0.8}Ca_{0.2}Co_{1-x}Fe_xO_3,\;(x=0.0\~0.5)$ are prepared, and their thermal stability and conductivity characteristics are investigated. Also, the cathodic activities are measured after the cathode layer being attached on CGO (cerium-gadolinium oxide) electrolyte disk. The X-ray analyses indicate that the materials prepared by calcining the citrate-gels at $800^{\circ}C$ have the orthorhombic perovskite structure without discernible impurities. The thermal stability of the undoped Co perovskite is so poor that it is decomposed to the individual binary oxide even at $1300^{\circ}C$. But the partially Fe-doped cobaltates exhibit a better thermal stability to retain their structural integrity up to $1400^{\circ}C$. The observation whereby both the undoped and Fe-doped cobaltates melt at ca. $1300^{\circ}C$ leads us to perform the electrode adhesion at <$1300^{\circ}C$. The cathodic activity of $Gd_{0.8}Ca_{0.2}Co_{1-x}Fe_xO_3,\;(x=0.0\~0.5)$, electrodes is superior to $La_{0.9}Sr_{0.1}MnO_3$, among the samples of $x=0.0\~0.5$, the x=0.2 cathode shows the best activity for the oxygen reduction reaction. It is likely that the Fe-doping provides a better thermal stability to the materials but in turn imparts an inferior cathodic activity, such that the optimum trade-off is made at x=0.2 between the two factors. The total electrical conductivity and ion conductivity of $Gd_{0.8}Ca_{0.2}Co_{1-x}Fe_xO_3$, are measured to be 51 S/cm and $6.0\times10^{-4}S/cm\;at\;800^{\circ}C$, respectively. The conductivity values illustrate that the materials are a mixed conductor and the reaction sites can be expanded to the overall electrode surface, thereby providing a better cathodic activity than $La_{0.9}Sr_{0.1}MnO_3$.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.239-244
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• 2007

In order to investigate the effect of fluorine ion in the $Li_{1-x}FeO_2Li_xMnO_2$ (Mn/(Mn + Fe) = 0.8) cathode material, it was synthesized $Li_{1-x}FeO_{2-y}F_y-Li_xMnO_2$ (Mn/(Mn + Fe) = 0.8, $0.05{\le}y{\le}0.15$) cathode materials at $350^{\circ}C$ for 10hrs using solid-state method. $Li_{1-x}FeO_{2-y}F_y-Li_xMnO_2$ (Mn/(Mn + Fe) = 0.8, $0.0{\le}y{\le}0.1$ was composed many large needle-like particles of about $1-1.5\;{\mu}m$ and small particles of about 50-100 nm, which were distributed among the larger particles. However, $Li_{1-x}FeO_{1.85}F_{0.15}-Li_xMnO_2$ material showed slightly different particle morphology. The particles of $Li_{1-x}FeO_{1.85}F_{0.15}-Li_xMnO_2$ were suddenly increased and started to be a spherical type of particle shape. $Li/Li_{1-x}FeO_{1.9}F_{0.1}-Li_xMnO_2$ cell showed a high initial discharge capacity of 163 mAh/g and a high cycle retention rate of 95% after 50 cycles. The initial discharge capacity of $Li/Li_{1-x}FeO_{2-y}F_y-Li_xMnO_2$ ($0.05{\le}y{\le}0.15$) cells increased according to the increase of F content. However, the cycleability of this cell was very rapidly decreased when the substituted fluorine content is over 0.1. We suggested that too large amount of F ion fail to substitute into the $Li_{1-x}FeO_2-Li_xMnO_2$ structure, which resulted in the severe decline of battery performance.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.126-136
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• 2021

Oxidative stress causes injury to and degeneration of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. It is involved in several retinal disorders and leads to vision loss. In the present study, we investigated the effect of 14 kinds of natural compounds and two kinds of synthetic compounds on oxidative stress-induced cellular damage in human PRE cell lines (ARPE-19). From among them, we selected five kinds of compounds, including auranofin, FK-509, hemistepsin A, honokiol, and spermidine, which have inhibitory effects against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-mediated cytotoxicity. In addition, we found that four kinds of compounds (excluding auranofin) have protective effects on H2O2-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, the expression of phosphorylation of histone H2AX, a sensitive marker of DNA damage, was markedly up-regulated by H2O2, whereas it was notably down-regulated by FK-506, honokiol, and spermidine treatment. Meanwhile, five kinds of candidate compounds had no effect on H2O2-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, suggesting that the five candidate compounds have protective effects on oxidative stress-induced cellular damage through the ROS-independent pathway. Taken together, according to the results of H2O2-mediated cellular damage―such as cytotoxicity, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and DNA damage―spermidine and FK-506 are the natural and synthetic compounds with the most protective effects against oxidative stress in RPE. Although further studies on the identification of the mechanism responsible are required, the results of the present study suggest the possibility of using spermidine and FK-506 to suppress the risk of retinal disorders.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 2021

This study was conducted to evaluate the growth characteristics, phenolic concentration and antioxidant capacity of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) sprout and investigate the possibility of using super absorbent polymer (SAP) as a medium in hydroponic cultivation in a plant factory. The control was used a commercial sprout cultivation tool (19 × 14 × 9 cm, W × D × L), and a treatment (SAP) was added on the cultivation tool to compare the effect of SAP. Safflower sprouts were immersed in a distilled water at 30 ℃ for 5 hours, and then grown in a plant growth chamber. The temperature and relative humidity were maintained at 25 ± 1℃ and 70 ± 4%, respectively. The light condition was maintained at 35 ± 6 μmol·m-2·s-1 (12h). Amaranth sprouts were grown in a plant growth chamber maintained with temperature of 25 ± 2℃, relative humidity of 70 ± 5% and light condition of 188 ± 10 μmol·m-2·s-1 (16h). A physical and chemical characteristic of SAP, and a germination rate, growth characteristics and secondary metabolites were analyzed in both safflower and amaranth. There was no significant effect on SAP in a germination rate, growth and secondary metabolites of safflower compared to the control, whereas amaranth grown under SAP was higher in germination rate, dry weight, phenolic concentration, and antioxidant capacity compared to the control. As a result, this study was suggested that cultivation of sprouts using SAP would be possible in a plant factory, and further studies on SAP on plant physiological response are required.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.295-317
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• 1996

It is researched to elucidate the effects of Taeumjowuitang(TE,太陰調胃湯), Sibimikwanjungtang(SE, 十二味寬中湯) and Yangkeogsanwhatang(SY,凉膈散火湯) on the obesity induced by gold thioglucose and the differentiation and growth of preadipocyte 3T3-L1 in the mouse. The result were as follows: 1. TE,SE and SY extracts improved the blood level of transaminase in the obese mouse induced by gold thioglucose. 2. TE,SE and SY extracts inhibited the increase of liver fat and body fat in the obese mouse induced by gold thioglucose. 3. TE,SE and SY extracts inhibited the increase of body weight in the obese mouse induced by gold thioglucose. 4. TE,SE and SY extracts inhibited the growth of undifferentiate preadipocyte 3T3-L1. 5. TE,SE and SY extracts showed inhibitory effect on the differentiation of preadipocyte 3T3-L1. The above results suggest that the TE,SE and SY extracts may be used on the obesity induced by the overgrowth and differentiation of adipocyte, and the accumulation of fat in liver and body.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.413-426
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the effects on fermentation characteristics of rumen microorganism by different types and levels of lignosulfonate treated soybean meal (LSBM) in in vitro test and rumen simulation continuous culture (RSCC) system in dairy cows. The experiment I was control and 12 treatments (each with 3 replications) in vitro test to demonstrate composition of different types of treatments with lignosulfonate (Desulfonate, Na, Ca and solution) and levels (2, 4 and 8%) of soybean meal in the dairy cow diet. LSBM source treatments in the dairy cow diet showed pH value, $NH_3$-N concentration and total VFA concentration lower than control at all levels and incubation times (p<0.05). Dry matter digestibility of LSBM source treatments showed lower than control (p<0.05). Gas production and rumen microbial synthesis was decreased by rumen microbial fermentation for incubation times. Undegradable protein (UDP) concentration of all LSBM treatments was decreased for incubation times, and significantly higher than control (p<0.05). In the experiment II compared diets of the control, LSBM Na 2%, LSBM Sol 2%, which are high performance to undegradable protein (UDP) concentration experiment I in vitro test, and heated treatment lignosulfonate (LSBM Heat) 2% in the dairy cow diet from four station RSCC system ($4{\times}4$ Latin square). A rumen microbial fermentation characteristic was stability during 12~15 days of experimental period in all treatments. The pH value of LSBM treatments was higher than control treatment (p<0.05). The $NH_3$-N concentration, VFA concentration and rumen microbial synthesis of LSBM treatments were lower than control (p<0.05). The undegradable protein (UDP) showed LSBM Na 2% (45.28%), LSBM Sol 2% (43.52%) and LSBM Heat 2% (43.49%) higher than control (41.55%), respectively (p<0.05). Those experiments were designed to improve by-pass protein of diet and milk protein in the dairy cows. We will conduct those experiments the in vivo test by LSBM treatments in dairy cows diet.