• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.437-443
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• 2018

Activation of macrophages plays an important role in the host-immune system. In this study, we investigated the functional roles and related signaling mechanism of hot-water extracts of bee pollen (BPW) in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Since BPW did not exert cytotoxicity at concentrations ranging from 62.5 to $250{\mu}g/mL$ in macrophage cells, a concentration of $250{\mu}g/mL$ was used as the maximum dose of BPW throughout subsequent experiments. BPW increased inducible nitric oxide synthase-mediated nitric oxide production in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, BPW was found to induce macrophage activation by augmenting the expression of cell surface molecules (cluster of differentiation; CD80/86, and major histocompatibility complex; MHC class I/II) and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$, interleukin-6, and $IL-1{\beta}$) through mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$ signaling pathways in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Taken together, our results indicate that BPW could potentially be used as an immunomodulatory agent.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.129-134
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• 1999

This study is related to the investigation of the direct incorporation of $CO_2$ to polymer using quaternary ammonium salt catalysts. Quaternary ammonium salts showed good catalytic activity of $CO_2$ fixation in the synthesis of poly[(1,3-dioxolane-2-oxo-4-yl)methyl methacrylate] [poly(DOMA)] by the direct incorporation of $CO_2$ to poly(glycidyl methacrylate)[poly(GMA)]. Among the salts tested, the ones with higher alkyl chain length and with more nucleophilic counter anion showed higher catalytic activity. The yield of carbon dioxide addition increased with the reaction temperature. Kinetic study was carried out by measuring the variation of $CO_2$, pressure in a high pressure batch reactor. The reaction rate was first order to the concentration of poly(GMA) and $CO_2$, respectively. The rate constant was $0.69L/mol{\cdot}h$ and Henry's constant of $CO_2$ in DMSO at $80^{\circ}C$ was $6.8{\times}10^{-4}mol/L{\cdot}KPa$.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.861-868
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• 1996

Skeletal isomerization reaction known as exothermic reaction shows possible maximum yield of i-butene from n-butene at $110^{\circ}C$ over $Pt/MoO_3/SiO_2$. Compared with conventional catalyst such as silica, zeolite, alumina etc., $Pt/MoO_3/SiO_2$ demonstrates higher yield while by-products except 2-butene do not form. Faster H spillover rate over $Pt/MoO_3/SiO_2$ is demonstrated via isothermal reduction experiment at $110^{\circ}C$ compared to the rate over $Pt/MoO_3/Al_2O_3$. Overall isomerization rates are proportional to higher spillover rates from Pt onto $MoO_3$ surface. The skeletal isomerization reaction is composed of two elementary steps. First, carbonium ion formation over Pt crystallites by H spillover. Second, carbenium ion formation over $MoO_3$ followed by formation of i-butene. Moreover, it is suggested that H spillover step from Pt surface onto $MoO_3$ is assumed to be the rate determining step and control the overall isomerization rate.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.224-228
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• 2015

The carbon precursor pitch from pyrolyzed fuel oil (PFO), by-product of Naphta cracking process (NCC), was prepared through heat and UV irradiation treatments with various concentrations of $AlCl_3$, which is a new pitch preparation method. The reformed pitches were characterized by measuring their elemental composition, chemical structure of components, molecular weight distribution, and softening point. The oxygen contents of reformed pitch increased as increasing $AlCl_3$ amounts on the other hand, the carbon and hydrogen contents were not nearly changed. UV irradiated reformed pitches were composed of more aromatic carbon compounds than that of using only heat-treatment without any UV irradiation. The addition of $AlCl_3$ catalyst was ineffective on the aromaticity of reformed pitches. The softening point of prepared pitches was in the range of $103.3{\sim}168.9^{\circ}C$. Also the yield of prepared pitch increased from 48% to 80% when 5 wt% of $AlCl_3$ was added during the heat and UV irradiation reforming. It is expected that the UV irradiation reforming method can be practical and helpful to produce high yields of pitches with diverse properties.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.407-410
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• 2009

18~19 wt% $KMnO_4$/$SiO_2-Al_2O_3$ with Si/Al = 1/5 and 1/10, and 20 wt% $KMnO_4$/$Al_2O_3$ were prepared by solvent evaporation method. Catalytic activity of ethylene abatement over those samples were evaluated and compared under the conditions of GHSV $1125h^{-1}$, ethylene gas (ethylene 0.2%, air 99.8%, relative humidity 50%) at 30, 40, 60 and $120^{\circ}C$ using a fixed-bed reactor. $KMnO_4$/$SiO_2-Al_2O_3$ was showed better performance than $KMnO_4$/$Al_2O_3$ by 170~210% at 30, $40^{\circ}C$, and by 60% at 60, $150^{\circ}C$, respectively.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.295-300
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• 2004

The identification of the leptin gene in 1994 and it's adipocytes specific protein leptin hal provided the first physiological links to the regulatory system controlling body weight and fat deposits. The meat tastes is mainly determined by quantifY and quality of triglyceride stored in adipose tissue. This study was conducted to analyze genetic cbaracteristics of Hanwoo leptin gene and also to investigate the association of DNA marlcer with some economic meat traits for Hanwoo. The leptin hormone gene polymorphisms were identified by digestion with Kpn2 I and Msp I. Slaughter weight(SWI), slaughter peroentage(SP), longissimus muscle area(LMA), beef marbling score(MS) and back fat thickness(BF) were compared among three genotypes by P(R..RFlJ> and showed significant differences among genotypes. PCR-RFLP(Kpn2 I) were detected significant for SP, MS and BF. The allele was essociated with fatter carcasses and C allele with leaner carcasses.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.871-877
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• 2012

This study investigated the effects of temperature, solvent concentration, and pH on the ${\beta}$-glucan extraction. Oat bran ${\beta}$-glucan was extracted with different extraction conditions, using various combinations of experiment factors, such as temperature (40, 45, 50, 55, and $60^{\circ}C$), ethanol concentration (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%), and pH (5, 6, 7, 8, and 9). Under the various extraction conditions, ${\beta}$-glucan extraction rate and overall mass transfer coefficient of oat bran ${\beta}$-glucan, and viscosity of oat bran extracts were investigated. As increasing the extraction time, the extraction rate of ${\beta}$-glucan increased. The overall mass transfer coefficient of ${\beta}$-glucan ranged from $3.36{\times}10^{-6}$ to $8.55{\times}10^{-6}cm/min$, indicating the lowest at the extraction condition of $45^{\circ}C$, 15% and pH 8, and the highest at $50^{\circ}C$, 0% and pH 7. It was significantly greater with increasing extraction temperature and decreasing ethanol concentrations of extraction solvent, except for solvent pH. There were positive correlations among the overall mass transfer coefficient, the extraction rate of ${\beta}$-glucan, and the viscosity of extract.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.57-63
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• 2013

This study was performed to test the combustive properties of Pinus rigida specimens treated with piperazinomethyl-bis-phosphonic acid (PIPEABP), methylpiperazinomethyl-bis-phosphonic acid (MPIPEABP), and N,N-dimethylethylene-diaminomethyl-bis-phosphonic acid (MDEDAP). Pinus rigida Plates were painted in three times with 15 wt% alkylenedi-aminoalkyl-bis-phosphonic acid solutions at the room temperature. After drying specimen treated with chemicals, combustive properties were examined by the cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). It was indicated that the specimens treated with chemicals showed the later time to peak mass loss rate ($TMLR_{peak}$) = (315~420) s than that of virgin plate by reduc-ing the burning rate except for $TPMR_{peak}$ (280 s) treated with DMDAP. In adition, the specimens treated with chemicals showed both the higher total smoke release rate (TSRR) (407.3~902.0) $m^2/m^2$ and $CO_{mean}$ production (407.3~902.0) $m^2/m^2$ than those of virgin plate. Especially, for the specimens treated with PIPEABP, 1st-smoke production rate (1st-SPR) (0.1250~0.1297) g/s was lower than that of virgin plate, while the 2nd-SPR (0.183 g/s) was higher. Thus, It is supposed that the combustion-retardation properties were improved by the partial due to the treated alkylenediaminoalkyl-bis-phos-phonic acids in the virgin Pinus rigida.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.39-46
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• 2010

In 2007, Iowa department of transportation (DOT) initiated to run the falling weight deflectometer (FWD) network-level testing along Iowa highway and road systems and to build a comprehensive database of deflection data and subsequent structural analysis, which are used for detecting pavement structure failure, estimating expected life, and calculating overlay requirements over a desired design life. Iowa's current FWD networklevel testing protocol requires that pavements are tested at three-drop level with 8-deflection basin collected at each drop level. The test point is determined by the length of the tested pavement section. However, the current FWD network-level program could cover about 20% of Iowa's highway and road systems annually. Therefore, the current FWD network-level test protocol should be simplified to test more than 20% of Iowa's highway and road systems for the network-level test annually. The main objective of this research is to investigate if the minimum number of drop levels and test points could be reduced to increase the testing production rate and reduce the cost of testing and traffic control without sacrificing the quality of the FWD data. Based upon the limited FWD network-level test data of eighty-three composite pavement sections, there was no significant difference between the mean values of three different response parameters when the number of drop levels and test points were reduced from the current FWD network-level testing protocol. As a result, the production rate of FWD tests would increase and the cost of testing and traffic control would be decreased without sacrificing the quality of the FWD data.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 1992

Aluminum sulfate hydrate was prepared using sulfuric acid from Ha-dong kaolin. The effects of calcination-temperature and calcination-time of kaolin, reaction-temperature and reaction-time, and sulfuric acid concentration on the formation of aluminum sulfate hydrate were investigated. The precipitation condition of aluminum sulfate hydrate from sulfuric acid solution was determined. Also, the products heat-treated at different temperatures have been investigated by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscopy, particle size distribution analysis and chemical analysis. In the optimum condition, the conversion of aluminum oxide in kaolin to aluminum sulfate hydrate was 60%. From the results of XRD, TG-DTA, and FT-IR, it is suggested that the aluminum sulfate hydrate is thermally decomposed as follows ; $Al_2(SO_4)_3{\cdot}18H_2O{\rightarrow}Al_2(SO_4)_3{\cdot}6H_2O{\rightarrow}Al_2(SO_4){\rightarrow}\;amorphous\;alumina{\rightarrow}{\gamma}-alumina{\rightarrow}{\delta}-alumina{\rightarrow}{\theta}-alumina{\rightarrow}{\alpha}-alumina$. The purity of alumina powder prepared by calcining aluminum sulfate hydrate at $1200^{\circ}C$ was 99.99 percent.