• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.79-85
• /
• 2010

This study was investigated to review the potentials of irritation and skin sensitization of active ingredients and end-use products of pesticides for pesticide registration, prediction of irritation and sensitization, and data requirements for other purposes. Pesticide irritation and sensitization referred to the Pesticide Manual(14th edition), while toxicity was evaluated based on the data submitted by the pesticide registrant. Totally 148 active ingredients and 149 end-use products were analyzed to compare the positive response, formulation type, and correlation between active ingredients and products. Among active ingredients, ratio of positive response to skin irritation, eye irritation, and skin sensitization were 18.8, 47.0 and 20.6% respectively. While, positive response to skin irritation, eye irritation, and skin sensitization of the products were 14.9, 38.9 and 23.6%, respectively. Emulsifiable concentrate showed the highest positive response among formulation types showing skin irritation 31.3%, eye irritation 81.3%, and skin sensitization 31.3%. On the other hand granule type showed the lowest response with skin 4.8, eye 14.3 and sensitization 14.8%. There was no correlation by active ingredient content on irritation and sensitization of products. However, both active ingredients and products showed same positive response were skin 73.1%, skin sensitization 66.2%, and eye irritation 44.7%. By the these results, correlation between technical grade of active ingredients and end-use products would be use for pesticide management at the screening stage, especially skin irritation and skin sensitization.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.36 no.1
• /
• pp.17-23
• /
• 2021

This evaluation tested the skin irritation and sensitization of an acaricide (Wagoojabi II®, WGJB) for the control of poultry red mite, containing 20% Chamaecyparis obtusa oil and 56% Cinnamomum camphora oil. In a primary skin irritation test, rabbits were dermally treated with WGJB for 24 h. The acaricide did not induce any adverse reactions such as erythema and edema on intact skin sites, but on abraded skin sites, some rabbits showed very slight erythema and edema 24 h after topical application. So, the acaricide was classified as a practically mild-irritating material based on a 0.625 primary irritation index score. In the skin sensitization test, guinea pigs were sensitized with intradermal injection of 0.1mL WGJB for 24 h. After 1 week, The WGJB was treated on the site of injection, and challenged 2 weeks later. The WGJB did not induce any allergic reactions. Therefore, the WGJB was graded as a weak material at '0' in both sensitization score and rate. From the results of this study, it is suggested that WGJB does not cause contact irritation and sensitization.

• 월간산업보건
• /
• s.308
• /
• pp.52-54
• /
• 2013

Phenyl glycidyl ether의 직업적 노출기준 TLV-TWA는 0.1 ppm($0.6mg/m^3$)으로 권고되고 있다. TLV-TWA는 동물실험에서 고환(정소) 독성, 비암 그리고 감작반응에 대한 위험도를 줄일 수 있다고 증명된 수준이다. 또한 사람에서의 감작반응이 보고되고 흰쥐에서 비암이 입증되어 경고표시(notation)로 SEN과 A3(동물에서 발암성 물질)를 권고하였다. Phenyl glycidyl ether와 다른 glycidyl ether에 노출된 근로자들에서 평균 6.5개월 후에 감작반응이 발견되어, 교차 감작반응의 가능성을 인지하여야 한다. Phenyl glycidyl ether를 흰쥐와 토끼에게 급성으로 피부에 도포한 결과 빠르게 흡수되어 조혈독성이 유발되는 것을 확인하여 피부(Skin) 경고표시의 타당성을 입증하였다.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.110-115
• /
• 2007

This test was performed to evaluate the skin irritation and sensitization of Creocomplex, disinfectant, Containing 10% 4-chloro-m-cresol, 10% didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, and 10% glutaraldehyde. In primary skin irritation test, rabbits were dermally treated with Creocomplex for 24 hrs. The disinfectant did not induce any adverse reactions such as erythema and edema on intact skin sites, but on abraded skin sites, some rabbits showed very slight erythema and edema 24hr after topical application. So, the disinfectant was classified as a practically non-irrifating material based on the score 0.13 of primary irritation index. In the skin sensitization test, guinea pigs were sensitized with intradermal injection of 0.1ml Creocomplex for 24 hr. After 1 week, Creocomplex was treated on the site of injection, and challenged 2 weeks later. Creocomplex did not induce any allergic reactions. Therefore, 10% Creocomplex was graded as a weak material from 0 in both sensitization score· and rate. From results of the present study, it is suggested that 10% Creocomplex does not cause contact irritation and sensitization.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.31 no.1 s.49
• /
• pp.91-96
• /
• 2005

Holographic quantitative structure-toxicity relationships (HQSTR) of alkyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (A) and N-alkyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzamide (B) derivatives were analyzed and discussed. The HQSTR model X for the skin sensitivity showed the best predictability based on the cross-validated $r^2_{cv}.$ ($q^2 = 0.744$), non cross-validated, and conventional coefficient ($r^2_{ncv}.$=0.978). The relationships between melanogenesis inhibitory activities and skin sensitization of compounds have a tendency to a reciprocal proportion. Therefore, the more higher melanogenesis inhibitory activities of compounds were, the more lower skin sensitization of compounds became. The side chain, C1 ${\~}$ C3 part of R1-substituents in (A) and (B) did not exhibit any contribution to skin sensitization. Particularly, it is reveals that the skin sensitization of ester (A) were slightly lower (A < B) than that of amide (B) and melanogenesis Inhibitory activities of (A) were slightly higher (A > B) than that of (B). It is founded that the alkyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzoate derivatives (A) were an ideal compound as an ingredient of whitening agents.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.39 no.8
• /
• pp.1213-1219
• /
• 2010

We evaluated the anti-aging potential and safety of black garlic extract for cosmeceutical ingredient. Black garlic was made by spontaneous fermentation for 40 days at $60{\sim}70^{\circ}C$, 85~95% RH without any additives. The 10% black garlic extract had sweet odor, antioxidant activities and inhibitory activities of skin againg enzymes such as tyrosinase and elastase. The skin safety was performed to evaluate of potential toxicity using the primary irritation test and skin sensitization test. The black garlic extract did not show any adverse reactions such as erythema and edema on intact skin sites at primary irritation test, but on abraded sites, some experimental animals showed very slight erythema. So, the black garlic extract was classified as a practically non-irritating material based on the score 0.23 of primary irritation index. The skin sensitization study was tested by the guinea pig maximization test (GPMT) and Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) with intradermal injection of 10% black garlic extract. The skin sensitization test showed no skin sensitization. The allergic sensitization depends on tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The concentration of IL-6 on challenged tissue of treated with black garlic extract was not significantly different with negative control group (saline treated group). Based on this study, the potential for black garlic as a cosmeceutical ingredient was proven.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.44 no.2
• /
• pp.251-256
• /
• 2012

Stilbenes are known as antioxidants and some of them demonstrate anti-pigmentation activity. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether two stilbene compounds produced by biotransformation of the extract of $Morus$ $alba$ root show skin irritation and sensitization. In skin irritation test, 1% oxyresveratrol (OXY), and 5% OXY, and 1% oxyresveratrol-3-$O$-glucoside (OXY-3) showed a P.I.I score of 0, 0.04, and 0, respectively. Accordingly, the two stilbenes were evaluated to be virtually 'non-irritant' materials. In a skin sensitization study by GPMT, 1% OXY, 5% OXY, and 1% OXY-3 did not cause edema and erythema at 24 h and 48 h after topical application and exhibited a sensitization score of 0 and a rate of 0%. Consequently, it was confirmed that OXY and OXY-3 had no contact allergic sensitization in GPMT. Therefore, OXY and OXY-3 might be potential candidates as skin-whitening agents without posing any serious side effects.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.113-118
• /
• 1990

엘라스타제를 기니픽에 감작시킨 후에 항체검출시험을 실시하였다. 감작은 경구투여 및 피하주사의 두가지 방법으로 하였다. 경구감작은 투여직전 엘라스타제를 생리식염수에 용해한 후 강제투여하였으며, 피하감작은 엘라스타제를 Freund's complete adjuvant 에 현탁시킨 후, 목 뒷부분에 주사하였다. 항체생성의 양성, 음성 검출은 경구감작군에 대해, 능동적전신성아나필랙시 (ASA번)과 면역확산번 (ID법)으로, 피하감작군에 대해 수신피부아나필랙시 (PCA법)으로 행하였다. 결과, 경구감작군은 임상용량 (180 Unit/kg)의 경우는 ASA법 및 ID법 모두에서 음성을 보였으나, 임상 10배용량의 경우는 ASA법에서는 양성을 보인 동물이 있었으나 통계학적 우의성은 없었으며 (p<0.1), ID법에서는 음성을 보였다. 피하감작군은 모든 투여군에서 PCA양성을 보였다. 결론적으로 엘라스타제는 항원성이 인정되나, 임상용량을 경구적으로 투여한 경우는 항원성이 나타나지 않았다.

• 월간산업보건
• /
• s.295
• /
• pp.11-14
• /
• 2012

Phenothiazine의 직업적 노출기준(TLV-TWA)은 $5mg/m^3$으로 권고되었다. TLV-TWA의 수준은 피부자극과 변색, 각막염 그리고 태양광에 직접 노출되었을 때 나타나는 광감작반응의 가능성을 최소화하기 위해 설정되었다. 고용량의 phenothiazine을 경구 투여하면 간과 신장이 손상되며 용혈성의 빈혈이 발생한다. Phenothiazine의 피부흡수에 의한 전신 독성이 증명되어 피부흡수 "Skin" 경고주석을 권고하였다. 감작제(SEN)와 발암성 경고주석 그리고 TLV-STEL을 설정하기에는 유용한 자료가 부족하다.

• 월간산업보건
• /
• s.353
• /
• pp.29-33
• /
• 2017

수산화나트륨(Sodium hydroxide)의 직업적 노출에 대한 TLV-Ceiling은 $2mg/m^3$으로 권고하였다. 권고수준은 수산화나트륨 에어로졸이 눈, 점막, 피부에 심한 자극을 유발하고 수산화나트륨 분진이 상기도 기관에 자극을 유발하는 농도에 근거하였다. 노출기준은 눈과 상기도 기관에 자극을 최소화하기 위하여 권고하였다. 고농도의 수산화나트륨에 장기간 노출되면 비강 궤양과 눈과 피부에 심한 손상을 유발할 수 있다. "피부", "감작제(SEN)", "발암성"의 경고주석을 권고하기에는 유용한 자료가 충분하지 않다.