• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.357-366
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• 2014

On December of 2003, IMO's $23^{rd}$ Assembly discussed 'Guidelines on places of refuge for ships in need of assistance' At the discussion, Res. A.949(23) has been selected to appoint recommended place of refuge for countries signatory to the IMO Convention. IMO defines "Places of Refuge" as a places where a ship in need of assistance can take action to enable it to stabilize its condition and reduce the hazards to navigation, and to protect human life and the environment. Appointing and managing a Place of refuge can be a delicate problem because of its close connection to each country's coastal and environmental protection policies. However, in case of marine accident, the appointment or management of the place of refuge has a potential to avoid further damage and reduce to the minimum any environmental and estate losses. Currently a number of foreign countries, designated and operated a place of refuge. But, place of refuge selected method criteria were different by country and also does not have any standardized designating place of refuge model. Therefor, this study suggested the model of assigned places of refuge according to objective indication in order to assign reasonable and efficient places of refuge in domestic waters in the future by investigating and analyzing imported facts in considering the assignment of places of refuge in foreign countries and describing these imported data into quantitative value. In designating the model place of refuge, the final place of refuge location was presented by evaluating the probability of marine accidents, analyzing the location, and evaluating the supporting establishment.

• Journal of Korea Ship Safrty Technology Authority
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• s.32
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• pp.46-56
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• 2012

해양사고 예방 또는 해양사고 시 2차 피해 감소를 위한 관점에서 안전수역, 안전항구 및 최적 수리장소의 제공 또는 제공되는 장소까지 안전한 수로의 안내는 해양선진국으로 갖추어야 할 핵심 해사안전 서비스의 하나로 볼 수 있다. Erika호 해양사고와 같은 중대사고로 큰 손해를 겪은 국제사회는 피난처의 중요성을 깨닫고 여러 해를 거친 검토 끝에 피난처의 제공목적, 선장과 구조자의 책임지침 등을 담은 IMO Res. A.949(23) 및 A.950(23)과 같은 피난처 관련 지침을 제정하게 되었다. 이 지침을 바탕으로 덴마크, 미국, 캐나다, 남아프리카에서는 MAS 체제, 잠재적 피난처(PPOR, Potential Places of Refuge), 국가비상계획 포함 등의 방법으로 피난처를 지정하여 활용하고 있었다. 위의 요소들을 고려할 때, 우리나라 연안을 통항하는 선박들에 대한 최적의 피난처를 지정하기 위해서 연안해역 및 항만의 자연환경, 해상 및 기상조건, 과거 해양사고통계 및 분석자료, 항적도 및 교통량 등 해상교통환경의 평가를 위한 기초자료가 수집되어야 한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.44-46
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• 2016

최근 우리나라 관할수역에서 대형 유류오염 및 위험유해물질(HNS)유출과 같은 해양사고가 증가하고 있으며, 이로 인한 2차적 피해를 최소화하기 위한 방안으로 조난선박에 대한 피난처 제공의 필요성이 제기되고 있다. 따라서 본고에서는 선박피난처와 관련된 국제적 규범을 분석하고, 이를 토대로 현행 국내 법제도의 개선방안을 제시하고자 한다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.235-241
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• 2012

A huge marine accident causes a loss of valuable lives, property and the serious marine environment pollution. IMO adopted resolution A.949(23) to provide Places of Refuge(PoR) to 'Ship in need of assistance', which is to minimize the secondary environmental pollution caused by marine accidents. If the level of risk exceeds a certain range, it is necessary to be designated as Places of Refuge(PoR) after evaluation of potential risk, which is based on the database of several marine environmental factors. Also, it is necessary to develop skills about quantification/standardization of vessel traffic safety, complexity and risk. Because there is the close relation between the problem of designating Places of Refuge(PoR) and the policy of nation for protecting the natural environment of coastal state, it is important to prepare related legislation. In this paper, introduction of Places of Refuge(PoR) in domestic areas have been suggested based on the analysis of several foreign designating cases.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.8-18
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• 2014

This study analyzes characteristics of flow using 3 dimensional numerical model, Delft3D, at the downstream of hydraulic structure. And fish shelters are suggested by analyzing them in flood time. A hydraulic structure changes flow conveyance, water depth and velocity affecting the activity of the fish. Flow depth decreases and velocity is fast near the left bank at the downstream of Gumi weir because of the concentration of flow due to it. Therefore, fish shelters are generated near the right bank of it. As a result of vertical velocity distribution which indicates the range of fish activity, maximum value are 0.0043 m/s in 30-year of return period of flood 0.0052 m/s in 50 year flood, 0.0046 m/s in 80-year of return period of flood, and 0.0039 m/s in 100-year of return period of flood. As the discharge increases, the areas of fish shelters decreases because depth and turbulent energy increase according to increases discharge. The estimated areas of fish shelters near the right bank decrease from 61.5% in 30-year of return period of flood to 39.0% 100-year of return period of flood. Therefore, the constructed hydraulic structures affect fish shelters.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.511-544
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• 2007

He purpose of this paper is to estimate environmental efficiency and grasp the relationship between trade and environmental efficiency for 61 countries. Furthermore, we examine the environmental Kuznets relationship between environmental efficiency and GDP per capita and 'pollution haven hypothesis' as well. This paper implies that trade-related variables such as trade composition, the share of polluting exports and openness of a country are important determinants of environmental efficiency and especially, we confirmed existence of 'environmental Kuznets curve' but could not accept 'pollution haven hypothesis' in that 'foreign direct investment (FDI)' improves the environmental performance of pensioner nations.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computer Information Conference
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• 2019.07a
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• pp.251-252
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• 2019

본 논문에서는 기존의 AGV보다 높은 안전성과 Task Scheduling을 바탕으로 한 효율적인 AGV를 제안하였다. AGV는 객체인식 알고리즘인 YOLO로 다른 AGV를 인식하여 자동으로 피난처로 들어간다. 또한 마커인식 알고리즘인 ar_markers를 이용하여 그 위치가 적재소인지 생산 공정인지를 판단하여 각 마커마다 멈추고 피난처에 해당하는 Marker가 인식되고 다른 AGV가 인식되면 피난처로 들어가는 동작을 한다. 이 모든 로그는 Mobius를 이용해 Spring기반의 웹 홈페이지로 확인할 수 있으며, 작업스케줄 명령 또한 웹 홈페이지에서 내리게 된다. 위 작업스케줄은 외판원, 벨만-포드 알고리즘을 적용한 뒤 강화학습알고리즘 중 하나인 DQN을 이용해 최적 값을 도출해 내고 그 값을 DB에 저장해 AGV가 움직일 수 있도록 한다. 본 논문에서는 YOLO와 Marker 그리고 웹을 사용하는 AGV가 기존의 AGV에 비해 더욱 가볍고 큰 시설이 필요하지 않다는 점에서 우수함을 보인다.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.36 no.10
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• pp.851-856
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• 2012

There has been increasing the possibility of occurring the marine accident and become bigger the extent of damage with the growing number and high speed of ships. Also, there were tremendous loss of lives and properties in accidents of Hebei spirit in 2007 and Cheon Ahan war ship in 2010 with the insufficient salvage response and the lack of emergency response systems. When a ship has suffered an incident, the best way of preventing damage or pollution from its progressive deterioration would be to providing a place of refuge and to repair the damage rapidly. Therefore, it was examined the recent collision accident broken out near the Nam-Hae, and then suggested that it was necessary to be improved of the domestic salvage systems. It requires the procedures of providing a place of refuge, and the towing support system which make the damaged ship moved to the safe area, and joining of the ISU.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.169-174
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• 2007

A huge marine accident causes a loss of valuable lives, property and the serious environmental contamination. In the IMO, active discussions about a potential occurrence possibility of marine accidents and appropriate place(place of refuge) to minimize the damage are being developed as appropriate transferring vessels which has a worry of a secondary marine environmental pollution from a previous marine accident Our country has a great potential et marine accidents due to the foreign vessel in distress because there is a huge vessel traffic amounts of the passage since which locate with in the important navigation connects the Asian region. and North America centering around north Pacific Ocean Also, we need the minimize the secondary damage from accident which occurs in domestic ports as transferring safe쇼 place when it is needed In this paper, analyzed and investigated a designated the place of refuge that analyze foreign cases, and will make a efficient and reasonable investigating plan of interior place of refuge.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.117-124
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• 2006

Thanks to globalization and multi-corporations which have further created complex economic systems over the years, we are now experiencing new aspects of economic challenges as well. Any country abiding by law and order is required to have taxpayer's consent and cooperation upon levying taxes, however, taxpayers will resist or try to avoid paying taxes at all if they can. Particularly, it becomes easier for them to do by using tax haven wherever they we, and their endeavor is not likely to stop as long as they can. These kinds of actions have undoubtedly created tax loopholes which have in fact surfaced and brought to attention to many. Inevitably, each country aggressively pursuits to exchange tax information with others and cooperate each other Thus this study will look into various types of international tax avoidance cases and its root causes and focuses on ways to cooperate amongst nations. The study also suggests possible ways to develop and enhance international tax systems for all the parties concerned.