• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.133-140
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• 1994

Conduct disorder is a heterogenous disorder of various etiology affecting 4-10% of school-age children. There is suggestive evidence that the comorbid group of conduct disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is different from these two separated diseases groups. There findings suggest that this comorbid group may present a meaningful subgroup. This study is conducted to examine the content validity of hyperkinetic conduct disorder that accepted first in International Classification of Disease 10th edition. The results are summarized as follows : 1) Using Conners Parenting Rating Scale, Parent Rating Scale Form for DSM-III-R, the mean scores of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in conduct disorder were significantly higher compared with those of normal controls. 2) 72.4% of conduct disorder and 41.5% of normal control groups showed simultaneous attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The diffenence between conduct disorder and normal control groups was significant. There were many previous informations that children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder had conduct disorder as comorbid disorder and these result show that children with conduct disorder also significantly had attention attention deficit hyperactivity disorder reversibly. Then these show that hyperkinetic conduct disorder-diagnosis used when both the overall criteria for hyperkinetic disorders and the overall criteria for conduct disorders are met-have satisfactory content validity. Biological, familial or long term studies are needed to further validate this diagnostic category.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.83-91
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• 1997

Objects：This study investigated whether depression, anxiety and perceived parental rearing patterns of the conduct disorder patients are different from those of the normal control group. The correlations were also assessed between perceived parenting style and depression, anxiety, severity of conduct problems and age at onset of conduct disorder in adolescents with conduct disorder. Methods：Thirty hospitalzed patients who met the DSM-Ⅳ criteria of conduct disorder, and 30 normal control subjects completed self-report questionnaires containing the Children’s Depression Inventory(CDI), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children(STAIC) and the Parental Bonding Instrument(PBI). Results：In the conduct disorder group, the results were as follows：1) The mean scores of CDI and STAIC-T(Trait) were not significantly different from those of the control group, but STAIC-S (State) showed significantly higher scores. 2) Parenting style was perceved to be less caring and more overprotective than in the control subjects. 3) There were negative correlations between maternal care and CDI and between maternal care and severity of conduct problems. 4) There were positive correlations between maternal overprotection and STAIC-T(Trait). 5) There were no correlations between paternal rearing patterns and depression, anxiety, severity of conduct problems, or age at onset of conduct disorder. Conclusion：We failed to identify depression and anxiety as common comorbid disorders in conduct disorder. Parental rearing patterns are thought to be significantly negativistic in conduct disorder group. It is guessed that less caring and more overprotective rearing style of parents, especially of mothers, could have much influence on depression and anxiety, more severe conduct problems and earlier age at onset of conduct disorder in the adolescents with conduct disorder.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.161-166
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• 1996

The major goals of this study are to investigate the correlation between the cormorbid symptom and the prognosis of conduct disorder in the adolescents. for this purpose, according to the result of 6-month follow-up of discharged patient who met the criteria of conduct disorder in admission, good-prognosis group(n=37) and poor-prognosis group(n=36) were selected. Authors applied Children's Depression Inventory and Trait Anxiety Inventory, Conners Parenting Rating Scale. Yale Children's Inventory to two groups. The results are summarized as follows : 1) Using CDI, the mean scores of poor-prognosis group were significantly higher compared with those of good prognosis group. 2) Using TAI, CPRS, YCI, the mean scores of poor-prognosis group were insignificantly higher compared with those of good prognosis. 3) The limitation of our study is that number of subjects is small, definition of prognosis is ambiguous, and period of 6 month follow-up is short.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.287-297
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• 1997

Conduct disorder has been subclassified by the symptom characteristics of socialization, aggression, or age of onset. In ICD-10, ‘Conduct disorder confined to family context’ has been developed as a distinct subtype. Which delineates the conduct problems which take place only in the family and related situation. These authors experienced a case which presents a child who shows aggressive and violent behavior to his parent and brother, severe tamper tantrum and destructiveness only in family. By through history taking, observation and treatment after admission, we could find that insecure and ambivalent attachment between parent and child due to chronic neglect and abuse, and inconsistent parental behavior contribute to many behavioral and emotional problems of this child. We reviewed the relationship between conduct disorder and family pathology and treatment strategy for conduct disorder with family problems.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.67-81
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• 1998

Objective：There is increasing interest in the developmental relationship of parental psychopathology and parenting behavior and conduct disorder in adolescence. The object of this study is to investigate the role of parental rearing behaviors in influencing conduct disorder in adolescence comparing with normal adolescents. Methods：The author assessed 52 conduct disorder who met the DSM-Ⅳ criteria, and 144 normal control subjects using self-report questionnaires, 'The Parental Rearing Behavior Scale'. Results：The results of study were as follows：1) There is significant correlation between the conduct disorder group and the control group in the father’s anxious emotion subscale, not mother’s. 2) There is no significant correlation between the conduct Disorder group and the control group in other subscales such as affection, hostility, rational guideline and consistent limitation subscales. Conclusion：The results suggest that father’s psychopathology including overanxious parenting style will predispose a risk factor for conduct disorder than mother’s psychopathology.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.231-239
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• 2000

Objectives：The major goal of this study was to investigate the treatment outcome of psychiatric treatment in inpatients with conduct disorder and to elucidate factors affecting its prognosis. Methods：We reviewed the medical records of 300 inpatients with conduct disorder who had been treated with a specialized adolescent treatment program. Follow-up structured telephone interview had been performed in 96 patients. Results：1) At the point of follow-up, 90% of the patients were improved in behavioral patterns, 2% of the patients were worse, and 8% of the patients were unchanged. 2) Intrafamilial relationship was improved in 70% of the patients, worse in 2%, and unchanged in 28%. 3) Fifty-seven percent of families thought to be helped by psychiatric inpatient treatment, 6% replied to be harmed, and 37% thought not to be helpful. 4) Comparing the good prognosis group who were all better in behavioral patterns, intrafamilial relationship, and efficacy of treatment with the rest of subjects, the good prognosis group was significantly younger and had more history of problems in familial structure. Conclusion：Although the present study had some meterological limits, the promising positive results in the outcome of inpatients with conduct disorder encourages further more sophisticated investigations in this problematic psychiatric conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.178-185
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• 1999

Objective：This study was designed to examine the validity of the Ego Impairment Index(EII) in adolescent psychiatric patients(depression, depressive-conduct disorder, schizophrenia), and to explore the validity of the depressive-conduct disorder as a diagnostic entity. Method：19 depressives, 13 depressive-conduct disordered, and 10 schizophrenics with the age from 12 to 18 were selected based on DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria, and their responses of the Rorschach and MMPI were analyzed. The EII was empirically developed by Perry and Viglione(1991) in order to assess the degree of ego impairment, and was derived from the Rorschach test. Results：It was founded that a single factor, ego impairment, was derived from the principal component analysis and explained 57.18% of total variances. The degree of ego impairment was grater in schizophrenics than in the other two groups, but there were no difference between depressives and depressive-conducts. Conclusions：These results offered support for the use EII as an empirical means of assessing the degree of ego impairment in adolescent patients. And these results suggest that depressive-conduct disorder group is more similar to the depressive group, implying that depressive-conduct disorder might correspond to so called masked depression. The clinical implication and limitation of present study were discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.156-161
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• 2011

Objectives: Externalized behavioral problems are prevalent in adolescents, due to the difficulties associated with this developmental stage. Conduct Disorder (CD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), as well as other psychiatric disorders, such as major depressive disorder, result in the manifestation of many behavioral problems during adolescence. Methods: For this report, we analyzed a sample of 31 adolescents, each of whom had presented with CD or ODD at Chosun University Hospital between 2002 and 2010. We separated subjects into depressed and non-depressed groups according to their Beck Depression Inventory scores (BDI<10, non-depressed ; BDI${\geq}$10, depressed). Then we analyzed for neuropsychological differences between the depressed and non-depressed groups. Results: In our sample, adolescents in the depressed group showed less of a stealing (deceitfulness and/or theft) behavioral pattern and presented with more anxiety symptoms, lower self-esteem, and greater sensitivity in interpersonal relationships, as compared to the non-depressed group. Conclusion: When adolescents exhibit disruptive behavior, clinicians should consider the underlying causes of the behavior.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.190-197
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• 1998

Objectives：This study was conducted to investigate the diagnostic utility of the Rorschach schizophrenia/depression/coping deficite index in child-adolescent parent groups(schizophrenia, depression,depressive conduct disorder). Methods：Three child-adolescent parent groups(schizophrenia(18), depression(20), depressive conduct disorder(19)) were individyally assessed using the Rorschach test and schizophrenia/depression/coping deficite index scores were analyzed. Results：The results showed significant difference among three groups on only SCZI and significantly higher SCZI score of schizophrenia group than other two groups. When the critical value of SCZI was 4, diagnostic hit rate was 96.5%, and when the critical value of DEPI was 3, diagnostic hit rate was 57.9%, and when the critical value of CDI was 4, diagnostic hit rate was 66.6%.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.154-164
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• 1998

Medication is widely accepted as an effective method to reduce the problem of attention deficit, hyperactivity, impulsivity, resistance and violence of ADHD children. However, it does not provide us with the solution on the conflicting routinized behavioral patterns to gain a high level of self-control and acceptable behavior. As a way of replacing medication, this study applies the social skills training program for ADHD children and measures the level of improvement of social skills and the change of the behavioral patterns. The experiment is carried out on 16 children ranged from 6 to 13 years of age for 10 weeks. The patients are divided into three groups：a pure ADHD group, an ADHD group with conduct disorder, an ADHD group with mental retardation and other symptoms. The change of symptoms and the change of social skills are measured by the Child Behavior Checklist(CBCL), the ADD-H Comprehensive Teacher’s Rating Scale(ACTeRS) and the Social Skills Rating Scale(SSRS), and finally Mastson Evaluation of Social Skills for Youth(MESSY). Wilcoxon signed ranks test is used to evaluate the effect of the treatment, and Kruskal-Wallis test is also used to measure the change after the treatment in each of the three groups. In the ADHD group with conduct disorder, the examination of the effect of the treatment shows a significant reduction of violence in the area of behavior(p<.05), and a significant difference of activity and social skills in the area of social competent(p<.001). In the ADHD group with mental retardation and other symptoms, a significant rise of social skills is found in the area of social skills evaluation (p<.05). However, there is no significant difference of effect by the treatment among the three groups. In addition, the current examination shows that the social skills training program does not make a statistically significant contribution to the social skills of the ADHD children. On the other hand, the training helps some children, when it is suitable for the characteristics and accompanying symptoms of the children：it reduces the level of violence in the ADHD group with conduct disorder, and it raises the social skills in the ADHD group with mental retardation. In other words, the social skills training program will reduce the conduct disorder and helps peer relation for ADHD children.