• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.2 s.121
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• pp.91-96
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• 2007

대규모 개발사업을 시행함에 있어 우리는 종종 무의식적으로 토양층을 교란시키게 된다. 식물 성장에 있어 토양은 영양분을 공급하는 중요한 역할을 하고 특히 토양 중 표토층은 식물 생장에 필요한 많은 영양성분을 갖고 있으므로 토양층의 파괴는 식재된 수목의 하자와 직접 연결된다. 살아있는 식물을 다루는 조경공사에서는 공사 후 높은 하자율을 걱정하기에 앞서 수목의 원활한 활착을 위해 토양을 건강하게 유지하도록 노력해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 수목과 토양의 생리학적 관계 및 토양의 기본적인 성질과 표토의 중요성, 표토의 특성을 유지하는 방안 등에 대해 고찰하고 사례연구로 한국토지공사에서 시행한 용인 동백지구의 표토 활용사례를 검토하여 문제점을 파악하고 보다 효과적인 표토층 보존을 위한 방향을 제시하고자 한다. 수목의 성장률, 건강도, 수형 등은 직접적으로 토양의 질과 연결되고 양질의 토양은 수목의 원활한 생장을 가져와 결국 수준 높은 경관을 형성할 수 있게 된다. 본 연구를 통해 수목과 토양의 생리학적 관계를 파악하고 수목의 성장에 적정한 환경을 제공함으로써 불량한 토양으로 인한 수목의 하자율을 사전에 방지하고 수목의 건강성을 유지하는 방안 설정에 도움이 되고자 한다.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.39-56
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• 2001

본 연구는 국토의 친환경적 개발을 위한 제도적 장치 중 하나인 환경성검토의 강화방안을 마련하고자 경기도 남양주시 오남면 팔현리 일대의 골프장개발예정자를 대상으로 한 환경성검토서를 분석하였으며, 또한 대상지의 정확한 평가를 위해 현존식생도, 녹지자연도, 군집의 발달기원, 천이단계, 군집의 희소성, 식물의 희소성 판단의 6개 항목을 선정, 적용한 결과 본 대상지는 개발계획읜 축소. 조정항목으로 판단되었다. 친환경적인 개발을 위한 환경성검토 강화방안을 계획적인 측면에서는 적정대상지의 선정과 이식수목의 산정을 제도적인 측면에서 표토보존 및 이용에 관한 법률과 자연훼손보상제도를 제안하였다. 추가조상대상지역(면적: 1.436, DGN 7이 254, 587$\m^2$. DGN7(8)이 207,235$\m^2$ DGN 5가 163,259$\m^2$, DGN 2는 184,129$\m^2$로 나타나 대상지와 추가조사지역 일부를 포함한 적정대상지를 선정하였다. 이식수종은 성상별로 소나무 1종, 낙엽활엽교목 19종, 낙엽활엽아교목 11종, 낙엽관목 30종, 만경목 11종이었고, 이식가능면적은 639,310$\m^2$이었으나, 보존지역을 제외한 실제 이식가능한 지역은 275, 366$\m^2$으로 나타났다. 대상지의 내 이용가능한 표토량은 137.681㎥이었으며, 보존지역 중 불가피한 훼손면적은 43,938$\m^2$로 나타나 이에 상응하는 가치의 습지나 소생물권 등을 조성하여야 할 것이다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.34-43
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• 2013

This study aimed to research and analyze the real condition of topsoil management of river development field as a significant case among domestic development fields for topsoil preservation. Through survey with experts, we understood the real condition and problems of topsoil management during river development. In order to verify this, we analyzed the characteristics of soil before and after development focusing on the rivers recently completed as an ecological river restoration project, supervised by Ministry of Environment among domestic river improvement projects. The study results are like below. First, experts preferred collecting and reusing topsoil as the best method to maintain and improve soil for plant growth. Second, realistically collecting and reusing topsoil is not fully conducted due to economical issues and inconvenience in construction. In the soil condition, third, the contents of elements necessary for plant growth like organic matter and total nitrogen declined overall after development.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.99-104
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• 2015

Topsoil including numerous soil seedbanks has been known to be a valuable material for ecological restoration. There is a lack of specific study for its utilization in the field of stream restoration. This study conducted a revaluation of the value of topsoil as a material for stream restoration. Furthermore, an ecological technique using topsoil was applied in an improvement project of a stream environment at the Hwanggujicheon Stream in Korea. Stockpiling and spreading topsoil was specifically applied to the revegetation of a low slope revetment and a high flow plain. The result of this application showed that topsoil played an integral role in eco-friendly restoration in terms of ecological, flood control, economic, and constructional aspects. In conclusion, this study's findings suggest that topsoil is a suitable candidate material for stream restoration.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 1993

The main experiment related to this report was undertaken to assess the effects of two rates of $Ca(OH)_2$ (0, 250 kg/10a only at establishment) and five rates of N-$P_{2}O_{5}$-$K_2O$ (0-0-0, 0-10-10, 6-15-15, 12-20-20, 24-25-20 kg/10a/year) on the pasture establishment, on forage yield and quality, vegetation etc. After this 10-year main experiment, this pasture had been used to assess the effects of the above treatments on the soil characteristics in oversown hilly pasture of a grass-clover sward. This 1st part is concerned with the soil properties of pH-value. OM, T-N, avail. $P_{2}O_{5}$ and $P_{2}O_{5}$ absorption coefficient, and lime requirement by the soil depth. 1. The pH of the topsoil(0~l5 cm) was lowered from pH 5.12 of before the experiment to 4.90 of when $Ca(OH)_2$ was applied and to 4.68 of when $Ca(OH)_2$ was not applied. The pH decrease was more evident with the increase of NPK application rate and in the upper part of the top soil(0.0~7.5 cm). The additional application of lime was necessary in all the experiment blocks due to the strong acidity of the soil, and the amounts of lime requirement were increased with increased application rates of NPK and soil depth. 2. The contents of organic matter and T-N were increased in all the blocks by the establishment of the hilly pasture, and were higher in $Ca(OH)_2$ applied blocks than non-applied blocks. The contents were inversely correlated with the soil depth. No correlation was observed between the contents and the application rates of NPK. 3. The content of available $P_{2}O_{5}$-$K_2O$, was increased with the increased application of P, especially in the upper part of top soil. The content in the upper part(0.0~7.5 cm) was about twice of that in the lower part(7.5~15.0 cm). Since the contents of available $P_{2}O_{5}$$P_{2}O_{5}$/10a/year were applied, respectively), it is necessary to decrease the application rate of $P_{2}O_{5}$, gradually. The $P_{2}O_{5}$ absorption coefficient in topsoil (0.0~15.0 cm) was more or less higher when no lime and less $P_{2}O_{5}$, was applied. No correlation was observed in subsoil. 4. Further studies on the methods, rates, time of additional application of lime, and on the methods of decreased apllication of $P_{2}O_{5}$ should be performed for better management of oversown hilly pasture.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.45-52
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• 2019

As international criteria and standards are required in the fields of design and construction, landscape performance must also be considered not only for the value of the landscape but also for providing quality assurance and sustainability. Given the lack of research on landscape performance, the present research was purposed to analyze the importance of potential assessment categories and items using an analytical network process. A list of assessment items, which is composed of 20 items and 6 categories, was derived through a literature review and a preliminary survey of 11 landscape professionals. An ANP model was established and a survey was conducted among 30 landscape practitioners to determine the weight of priorities considering the criteria. The results of ANP showed that the categories of site selection, preservation and health, and convenience had high priorities while materials had the lowest importance score. For the assessment items, a monitoring plan was the highest importance, followed by cultural/ historic preservation, management cost reduction, and natural ground areas. Despite the difficulties in quantifying landscape achievements, most respondents agreed that there needs to be an evaluation system for landscape performance in order to assure the quality and sustainability of landscape development. More research and discussion are needed to develop an assessment system for landscape performance that is applicable to Korean context.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.364-369
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• 2000

In order to obtain the reference data to be used as an vegetation index for degree of desalinization, vegetation successions were surveyed and soil chemical characteristics were analyzed at the naturally maintained plot in Dae-Ho reclaimed land. Seven Groups $(A\;{\sim}\;G\;group)$ were classified as major vegetation; A group (Suaeda asparagoides MAKINO etc.), B group ( Aster tripolium L. etc.), C group (Stearia viridis L. BEAUV), D group ( Phragmites longivalvis STEUD), E group (Limonium tettagonum THUMB A. A. BULLOCK), F group (Trifolium repens L.), G group (Zoysia sinca HANCE etc.). As desalinization process proceeded, the wild vegetation changed in order of $A\;{\to}\;B\;group$, $D\;{\to}\;C\;group$, $E\;{\to}\;F$, G group. Soil texture of the naturally maintained plot was silt loam and soil fertility was very low compared with agricultural cultivated soil. Soil pH ranged from 7.0 to 8.0. Electrical conductivity (ECe) was below 10 and $20\;dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ at top and subsoil, respectively, except the plot where A group were growing. Resulting from SAR and ECe, The plot where A group was growing was saline-sodic soil and the others were saline soil. The relation between vegetation sucession and soil desalinization showed that vegation appeared under $10\;dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ of ECe and 15 of SAR except A group.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.138-164
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• 2022

The Neolithic shell midden in Daejuk-ri, Seosan, is distributed on the gentle slope of a low hill close to the west coast. The bedrock of the area consists mainly of schist with various mafic minerals, but shows a partial gneiss pattern. The site consists of loamy topsoil and clay loam subsoil, and the degree of siallization is relatively low. Although the pottery excavated from the shell midden shares mostly similar features, a variety of shapes and patterns coexist. The surface colors, thickness and physical properties are slightly different. The pottery can be subdivided into three types (IA, IB and II) according to the composition of the body clay, the temper and the existence of a black core. Types IA and IB are colorless mineral pottery with a non-black or black core respectively. TypeII is colored mineral pottery with a non-black core. Type I pottery also contains non-plastic colored minerals, but type II contains a large amount of biotite, chlorite, talc, amphibole, diopside and tremolite, which include a large amount of Mg and Fe. The studied pottery contains a small amount of organic matter. Considering the grain size and relatively poor sorting and roundness of the non-plastic particles, the pottery appears to be made by adding coarse non-plastic tempers for special purposes to the untreated weathered soil around the site. The three types of pottery seem to have been incompletely fired in general. While type IB has the lowest degree of oxidation, typeII shows the highest degree of redness and oxidation. It can be interpreted that these differences depend on the firing temperature and the ratio of non-plastic particles. Through a synthesis of the minerals, geochemical data and thermal history, it can be determined that the firing temperature ranged from 600 to 700℃. The pottery types of the Daejuk-ri Shell Midden have slightly different production conditions, mineral compositions, and physical properties, but have undergone similar production processes with basically the same clay materials. The clay is almost identical to the composition of the bedrock and weathered soil distributed in the Daejuk-ri area. Currently, there is an industrial complex in the area, so it is difficult to confirm the soil and geological distribution of the site. However, it is highly probable that the area around the site was self-sufficient for the clay and tempers required for the production of the Neolithic pottery. Therefore, it can be interpreted that the group that left the shell midden in Daejuk-ri lived near the site, visited the site for the purpose of collecting and processing shellfish, and discarded the broken pottery along with shells.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.29-64
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• 1973

A land resources survey in the semi-arid area, Mula in S. E. Spain, of $400km^2$ is compiled. The basic aim of the project is to investigate the intrinsic qualities of the land resources of the area by means of applying an integrated method of natural resources survey mainly concerning with analysis and synthesis of land complexes, each of them represents an area or a group of areas with similar patterns of landforms, soils and vegetation, based on a geomorphological approach. The area is characterized by a linear arrangement of relief pattern with an asymmetric homoclinal repetition of slope attitudes elongating WSW-ENE, dipping steeply on the NW sides and gently on the SE sides, which have been resulted from the post-Alpine folding of the Triassic to Cretaceous limestone, the Eocene limestone, the Oligocene sandstone and the lower Miocene limestone and marl, and the post-lower Miocene faulting, tilting and subsequent differential erosion of the Miocene sedimentary formations. An integrated body of information in geology, landforms, soils and vegetation, which are significantry interrelated as an environmental complex, has been obtained. Using this data, 26 land complexes developing on the various situations of landforms, such as folded mountain ranges, tilted tablelands, bevelled cuestas, degraded hill-lands associating with enormous foots lopes, undulating terrains and terraced or flat plains, have been differentiated, mapped and described. The soils of the area are mostly light colored calcic lithosols which have been derived dominantly from the marly parent materials and developed into remarkable slope catenas in some places depending on the relief conditions. The land uses of the area are mainly characterized by the perennially irrigated cultivation of citrus orchards along the terraced alluvial deposits fringing the Segura and Mula River, and the dry-land cereal cultivation on gentler slopes. Pioneer dry-land cultivations within the shrubs on steeper slopes are restricted to the unchannelled tributary drainage floors. The availability of water is a fundamental controlling factor for existence of native and cultivated vegetation as a whole, and a number of active processes including sheet wash and gully erosion, especially on the scarp slopes, are the other important factors to be considered in conservation and management of the land in the area.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.135-152
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• 1975

The following informations are known from physical and chemical characteristics of orchard soils and nutritional diagnosis of orange leaves in Jeju. 1. Most orange orchards are located on terrace and cindercone thus soil moisture and microclimate of an orchard will greatly be affected by its topography. 2. Excessive well drainage, shallow soil depth, high content of gravels, low solid phase ratio and strong wind will give severe problem of soil moisture and wind errosion, thus the exte- nsion of soil depth is necessary for maintain nutrients, water and sufficient root volume. 3. Available soil water was significantly and positively correlated with organic matter content and clay content also contributes to available soil water. Vinyl mulching was greatly helpful for soil water conservation, wind errosion prevention, soil temperature increases during winter. 4. Abundant amphoteric amorphous allophane take a key role to fix phosphorus and also rations and thus it is the major factor to determine fertilizer efficiency. Lime and phosphorus must be applied in deeper soil layer. Release of filed phosphorus must be reevluated for availability. 5. Organic matter such as see weeds will greatly increase fertilizer efficiency and low fertilizer efficiency during spring may be related to available soil water. 6. Nitrogen was in superoptimum and Mg was enough but P and Ca were somewhat deficient according to leaf analysies while K was deficient according to fruit analysis. Phosphorus application increased sugar/acid ratio and potassium decreases rind percentage. 7. Manganese deficiency and toxicity appeared in a few places. Iron and boron were enough. Most places showed tendency of copper excess but some places showed copper deficiency. 8. Soiling after elimination of rock base, application of slow release fertilizer and abundant organic matter, vinyl mulching and drip irrigation will increase fertilizer efficiency greatly and fruit yield drastically.