• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.83 no.2
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• pp.360-371
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• 2022

Purpose This study aimed to assess the factors influencing aortic unfolding (AU) defined by aortic width on coronary artery calcium (CAC) scan and determine the normal limits for AU. Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, we measured AU in 924 asymptomatic subjects who underwent CAC scanning during routine health screening from June 2015 to June 2018. Multivariate regression analysis was used to evaluate the factors influencing AU. After the exclusion of subjects with risk factors associated with AU, 283 subjects were included in the analysis of normal values of AU. Mean AU, standard deviation, and upper normal limit were calculated. Results Sex, age, CAC score, body mass index, body surface area, hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, plasma creatinine, and smoking were significantly associated with AU. The mean AU was 102.2 ± 12.8 mm for men and 93.1 ± 10.7 mm for women. AU increased with advancing age (9.6 mm per decade). Conclusion AU determined from a single measurement on CAC scans was associated with cardiovascular risk factors. The normal limits of AU were defined by age, sex, and body surface area in low-risk subjects in this study.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Bio-Environment Control Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.131-186
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• 2002

우리나라 유통상토에 대한 물리적 표준분석법을 설정하기 위한 연구를 실시하였다. 국내 시중에 유통되고 있는 53개 품목의 원예용 상토와 9개 품목의 수도용 상토를 대상으로 설정된 분석법을 적용하여 실험하였다. 입자밀도의 측정은 가스형 피크노메타(Micromeritics Co. Model 1305)를 사용하면 속도와 정확성 면에서 매우 유리하였다. 용적밀도는 구미에서 Sandbox법에 의한 용적밀도를 기본으로 하기 때문에 이와 유사한 성적을 얻을 수 있는 다양한 실험을 한 결과, 추다짐법(Plunger compaction method)이 가장 유의성 있는 측정 방법으로 밝혀졌다. 한편 가스형 피크노메타법에 의한 우리나라 유통상토의 입자밀도는 원예용이 1.93, 수도용이 2.43 Mg m$^{-3}$로 나타났으며, 추다짐법에 의한 용적밀도는 원예용이 0.22, 수도용이 1.01 Mg m$^{-3}$로 각각 나타났다. 수분함량은 105$^{\circ}C$ 건조기에서 16시간 건조하여 수도용상토는 (최초 무게-건조 후 무게) / (건조 후 무게) $\times$ 100으로, 원예용상토는 (최초무게 - 건조 후 무게) / (최초 무게) $\times$ 100으로 하였다. 보수력은 주로 저압용으로서 Eijkelkamp사의 Sandbox법을 사용하여 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 ㎪의 수분장력 상태의 수분함량을 조사하였다. 포화수리전도도는 직경 5cm$\times$높이 20cm인 아크릴 원통을 이용하여 정수위별에 의한 포화수리전도도를 측정하였다. 신분석법에 의한 유통상토의 수분함량은 원예용이 평균 46.34%, 수도용이 평균 16.89%이었고 원예용 상토의 EAW는 28.4%, WBC 7.01%, OMP는 5.60 ㎪로 나타났으며, 육묘를 위한 적정 수분함량은 44.41%이었고 포화수리전도도는 1.71 cm $min^{-1}$이었다. 상토 평량시 무게를 비교한 결과 상토 부피를 달리하여도 고도의 유의성이 있었고, 상토 20cc의 평균무게는 4.92g(2.08-8.83g)이었다. 상토의 EC 측정시 상토:물의 비율이 1:2(v:v)와 1:5(v:v)분석치에 2.5배한 EC 값과는 고도의 정의 상관관계가 있었으며, 유럽법과 일본법(전농)과의 관계는 고도의 정의 상관관계가 있었다 또한 새로운 분석법(v:v 1:5)으로 측정한 EC의 평균값은 국내산 0.64, 수입산 0.33 dS m$^{-1}$이 었다. 상토의 pH 측정시 상토:물의 비율을 1:2(v:v)와 1:5(v:v)와의 관계에서는 정의 상관관계를 보였으며, 유럽법과 일본법(전농)과의 관계도 역시 고도의 정의 상관관계가 있었고, 신 분석법에(v:v 1:5) 의한 분포비율은 국내산, 수입산모두 pH 6.1-6.5의 범위에서 가장 높았다.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.89-97
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• 2015

In bidding processes conducted by government agencies, local governments or public agencies, budget prices are critical to both ordering bodies and bidders since budget prices are bases for selecting a successful bidder. Since a high budget price goes against ordering bodies and a low one goes against bidders, most ordering bodies adopt a system using multiple preliminary prices for determining a budget price to ensure fair and transparent manners. Discussed are how budget prices change depending on the methods of sampling 15 preliminary prices and the methods of sampling 4 out of 15 prices. Computer simulation is conducted to analyze budget prices for various methods to determine multiple preliminary prices. It is more likely for budget prices to be close to base prices when splitting a range of generating preliminary prices into 15 intervals and taking 4 preliminary prices from 15 intervals than when taking 4 preliminary prices from a whole range. In cases when splitting a range of generating preliminary prices, if we take 2 preliminary prices out of intervals above 100% and take 2 out of intervals below 100%, the expected budget prices are equal to a base price and the standard deviations are about half in comparison with those when taking 4 out of 15 intervals.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.420-430
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• 2008

Statement of problem & Purpose: Articulators are very important for education and overall clinical situation in the field of prosthodontics, however preexisting articulators are designed and built based on maxillofacial structures and mean values of mandibular movement of Western people. Purpose of this research is to find out a adequate basis for applicating these articulators, presently used for clinical education, for Korean. Material and methods: 59 Korean adults (41 males, 18 females), aged between 24 to 41, where selected for this study. Two pairs of both maxillary and mandibular models were made for each examinee. These models where attached to both KaVo PROTARevo 7 and Hanau Modular semiadjustable articulators by using facebow transfer, than sagittal condylar inclination, occlusal plane inclination and position of mandibular on the articulator where measured. Result and conclusion: 1. Mean sagittal condylar inclination for KaVo PROTAR semiadjustable articulator was $33.75^{\circ}$(standard deviation $12.46^{\circ}$) meanwhile Hanau Modular semiadjustable articulator showed $40.72^{\circ}$(standard deviation $12.09^{\circ}$) for mean sagittal condylar inclination. 2. Mean occlusal plane inclination for KaVo PROTAR semiadjustable articulator was $-2.76{\circ}$(standard deviation $3.63^{\circ}$) meanwhile Hanau Modular semiadjustable articulator showed $11.87^{\circ}$ (standard deviation $3.63^{\circ}$) for mean occlusal plane inclination. 3. On the average center of the mandibular dentition were in the range of 5 to 7 mm of the central position of the articulator. Both anterior and posterior dentition were positioned at the center of the articulator vernacularly for KaVo PROTAR semiadjustable articulators, meantime for Hanau Modular semiadjustable articulator, anterior dentition was positioned 5 mm downwards and 3mm upwards for posterior dentition from vertically central position of the articulator.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2010

Purpose: In radiotherapy that takes into account respiration using a RPM (Real time Position Management, Varian, USA) system, which can treat in consideration of the movement of tumor, infrared reflective markers supplied by manufacturers cannot obtain respiratory signal if the couch rotates at a certain angle or larger. In order to solve this problem, the author developed the 3D infrared reflective marker named 'Kw-marker' that can obtain respiratory signal at any angle, and evaluate its usefulness. Materials and Methods: In order to measure the stability of respiratory signal, we put the infrared reflective marker on the 3D moving phantom that can reproduce respiratory movement and acquired respiratory signal for 3 minutes under each of 3 conditions (A: $couch\;0^{\circ}$, a manufacturer's infrared reflective marker B: $couch\;0^{\circ}$, Kw-marker C: $couch\;90^{\circ}$, Kw-marker). By analyzing the respiratory signal using a breath analysis program (Labview Ver. 7.0), we obtained the peak value, valley value, standard deviation, variation value, and amplitude value. In order to examine the rotation error and moving range of the target, we placed a B.B phantom on the 3D moving phantom, and obtained images at a couch angle of $0^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$ using OBI, and then acquired the X, Y and Z values (mm) of the ball bearing at the center of the B.B phantom. Results: According to the results of analyzing the respiratory signal, the standard deviation at the peak value was A: 0.002, B: 0.002 and C: 0.003, and the stability of respiration for amplitude was A: 0.15%, B: 0.14% and C:0.13%, showing that we could get respiratory signal stably by using the Kw-marker. When the couch rotated $couch\;90^{\circ}$, the mean rotation error of the ball bearing, namely, the target was X: -1.25 mm, Y: -0.45 mm and Z: +0.1 mm, which were within 1.3 mm on the average in all directions, and the difference in the moving range of the target was within 0.3 mm. Conclusion: When we obtained respiratory signal using the Kw-marker in non-coplanar treatment where the couch rotated, we could acquire respiratory signal stably and the Kw-marker was effective enough to substitute for the manufacturer's infrared reflective marker. When the rotation error and moving range of the target were measured, there was little difference, indicating that the displacement of the reflector movement in couch rotation is the cause of change in the scale and amplitude of respiratory signal. If the converted value of amplitude height according to couch angle is studied further and applied, it may be possible to perform non-coplanar phase-based gating treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.343-352
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to document the sonographic morphology of the subscapularis footprint, particularly the 1st facet, of the non-pathologic subscapularis tendon and footprint, and analyze the correlation between the size of the 1st facet and the demographic variables. Materials and Methods: Between March 2015 and December 2017, retrospectively data analysis was performed for the ultrasound (US) scans of 115 consecutive shoulder (mean age 53.4 years, range 23-74 years) with non-pathologic subscapularis tendon and footprint. The sonographic findings of the 1st facet of the subscapularis footprint was a very unique, flat, broad, and plane angle in the upward direction, which were distinguished from the other facets. On US, the transverse (medio-lateral) and longitudinal (superior-inferior) length of the 1st facet on axis of the humerus shaft were recorded. The demographic variables, including age, site, body height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and arm length, were reviewed. Results: On US, the mean transverse length of the 1st facet was 12.75 mm (range 10.54-14.50 mm, standard deviation [SD] 0.712) and the mean longitudinal length was 12.22 mm (range 9.20-13.30 mm, SD 0.888). The transverse and longitudinal length of the size of the 1st facet were significantly greater in males than in females (p<0.001, p=0.001). Of the demographic data (body height, weight, BMI, arm length) that showed a significant positive linear correlation, the correlation with body height (transverse r=0.749, p<0.001; longitudinal r=0.642, p<0.001) showed the strongest relationship, and the correlation with the BMI was weakly related. The relationships between the size of the 1st facet to site/age were not statistically significant or appeared to have no linear correlation. Conclusion: The structural and morphologic features of the 1st facet of the subscapularis footprint on the US were identified. This will provide anatomic knowledge of an US examination for subscapularis tendon pathology.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.72-79
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to test the correlation between the levels of spiritual well-being and spiritual nursing care of nurses for cancer patients and to provide baseline data for spiritual nursing care. Methods: In the study, there were 209 nurses involved who cared for cancer patients, and they were from Christian General Hospital in a city, Jeonju. Data were collected from September 17 to 30 in 2008 using structured questionnaires. The data were analyzed using research methods, including descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Duncan test, and Pearson correlation coefficients. Results: The mean score of spiritual well-being of nurses was $63.41{\pm}10.32$ (range $20{\sim}80$) and that of spiritual nursing care was $26.96{\pm}7.05$ (range $15{\sim}60$). There was a significant positive correlation between the spiritual well-being of nurses and their spiritual nursing care (r=.353, P=.000). Conclusion: The spiritual well-being and spiritual nursing care have a positive correlation. The level of spiritual well-being of nurses was relatively significant, whereas that of spiritual nursing care was relatively low. Therefore, it is recommended, for spiritual nursing care that nurses responsible for cancer patients should pursue more spiritual growth, attend church services regularly, and should further be educated in their care and responsibility.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Broadcast Engineers Conference
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• 2010.11a
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• pp.96-99
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• 2010

H.264/AVC 부호화 표준은 영상의 특성을 반영하기 위해 $16{\times}16$부터 $4{\times}4$ 크기의 가변적인 블록을 이용하여 부호화 효율을 높인다. 하지만 이로 인해 부호기의 복잡도가 증가된다. 부호기 복잡도를 증가시키는 여러 요인 중, H.264/AVC의 모드 결정은 부호기의 복잡도를 증가시키는 주요인이다. 본 논문에서는 IPPP구조에서 비트율 왜곡값을 이용하여 고속으로 매크로블록의 모드를 결정하는 방법을 제안한다. 인트라 화면에서의 인트라 $4{\times}4$, 인트라 $16{\times}16$의 비트율 왜곡 평균값으로 영상에 적응적인 최대 임계값과 최소 임계값을 결정한다. 다음, $16{\times}16$, $16{\times}8$, $8{\times}16$ 인터 모드의 비트율 왜곡값이 최대 임계값과 최소 임계값으로 분할한 범위 중 어느 곳에 해당하는지를 살펴보고, 이에 따라 인트라 모드 결정 단계를 선택적으로 결정한다. 제안하는 알고리즘은 기존의 H.264/AVC에 비해 부호화 효율의 큰 감소 없이 평균 27.42%의 부호화 시간을 감소시켰다.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.95-100
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• 2005

This paper proposes a DVS method which effectively reduces the power consumption of multimedia signal processor. Analytic derivations of effective range of its power saving factor are obtained with the assumption of a Gaussian distribution for the frame-based computational burden of the multimedia processor. A closed form equation of the power saving factor is derived in terms of the mean-standard deviation of the distribution. An MPEG-2 video decoder algorithm and AAC encoder algorithm are tested on ARM9 RISC processor for the experimental verification of the power saying of the proposed DVS approach. The experimental results with diverse MPEG-2 video and audio files show 50～30% power saving factor and show good agreement with those of the analytically derived values.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 1994

The expenment was conducted to study the foraging behavior of Amblyseius hngisp~nosus for eggs of Tetranychus urticoe. When preys were abundant, A. longispinosus repeated a series of foraging process (feeding, after-feeding movement, restmy, and searching) The time (Mean\ulcorner SD) spent for these components were 6 83+ 1.73. 3 OOi 1.66. 93.57+ 30 19. and -0.00 min., respectively. Afterfeeding movement was chractetired as a complex one-way circular moving path with a slow speed (0.09 mm/sec) and area-restricted Escaping movement was fast (0 31 mm/sec), more straight in direction, and edge-oriented walking. Positions of prey consumption of A. longispinosus were distributed in clump. KEY WORDS Foraging behavior, nlovlng path, Arnblyseius longispinosus, Tetranychus urtlcae.