• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 2009

The increased demand and consumption of coal has intensified problems associated with disposal of solid waste generated in utilization of coal. Major utilization of coal by-products has been in construction-related applications. Since fly ash accounts for the part of the production of utility waste, the majority of scientific investigations have focused on its utilization in a multitude of use, while little attention has been directed to the use of bottom ash. As a consequence of this neglect, a large amount of bottom ash has been stockpiled. However, the need to obtain safe and economical solution for its proper utilization has been more urgent. The study presented herein is designed to ascertain the performance characteristics of bottom ash, as autoclaved lightweight foamed concrete product. The laboratory test results indicated that tobermorite was generated when bottom ash was used as materials for hydro-thermal reaction. According to the analysis of variance, at the fresh state, water ratio affects on flow and slurry density of autoclaved lightweight foamed concrete, but foam ratio influences on slurry density, while, at the hardened state, foam ratio affects on the density of dry and the compressive strength but doesn't affect on flexural and tensile strength. In the results of response surface analysis, to obtain target performance, the most suitable mix condition for lightweight foamed concrete using bottom ash was water ratio of 70$\sim$80% and foaming ratio of 90$\sim$100%.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.343-352
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• 2013

In this study, a smooth flat surface, low fin, Turbo-B, and Thermoexcel-E surfaces are used to examine the effect of the flow velocity on the pool boiling heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) and critical heat fluxes (CHFs). HTCs and CHFs are measured on a smooth square heater of $9.53{\times}9.53mm^2$ at $60^{\circ}C$ in a pool of pure water at various fluid velocities of 0, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 m/s. Test results show that for all surfaces, CHFs obtained with flow are higher than those obtained without flow. CHFs of the low fin surface are higher than those of the Turbo-B and Thermoexcel-E surfaces due largely to the increase in surface area and sufficient fin spaces for the easy removal of bubbles. CHFs of the low fin surface show even 5 times higher CHFs as compared to the plain surface. On the other hand, both Turbo-B and Thermoexcel-E surfaces do not show satisfactory results because their pore sizes are too small and water bubbles easily cover them. At low heat fluxes of less than $50kW/m^2$, HTCs increase as the flow velocity increases for all surfaces. In conclusion, a low fin geometry is good for application to steam generators in nuclear power plants.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.110-115
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• 2017

This research was performed to investigate the mechanical performance of lightweight concrete including phase changing material(Low temperature PCM). Micro capsulised PCM consisted of wax type core and melamine based wall. Also, for PCM of one single kind, paraffin wax was inserted into Vermiculite and the surface was coated with melamine resin. Interfacial polymerization is based on the principle that macromolecule reaction takes place on the surfaces between 1-dodecanol(core material) and water (solvent) to form the wall material. Lightweight concrete has compressive strength of 10 MPa, tensile strength of 1.5 MPa, and oven dried density of 1.0kg/liter which included 10%, 20%, or 30% PCM by weight. To do so, this study fabricated light-weight foamed concrete ($1.0kg/m^3$) in pre-foaming method and mixed it with PCM micro capsule of 1-dodecanol and melamine to examine its physical properties.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2019

In this study, cationic gemini surfactants were synthesized by increasing the length of the hydrophobic chain and using 1,4-butanediol as a spacer, and the result was confirmed by $^1H-NMR$. The synthesized surfactant was a white powder, and Kraffts point was below $0^{\circ}C$. Surface tension measurements revealed that the evaluated critical micelle concentration (c.m.c) was $1.8{\times}10^{-3}{\sim}6.5{\times}10^{-4}mol/L$ with a surface tension of 22.5~26.1 dyne/cm at the c.m.c. The initial foam height for CG 14-6E-14 estimated by Ross-Miles method was 16 cm and after 5 minutes the height was 14 cm. It was confirmed that the initial foam force and foam stability were the highest. The foam test and emulsion stability of synthesized gemini cationic surfactants were also compared to those of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), a commoly used surfactant.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 1999.05a
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• pp.66-74
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• 1999

일반적으로 압출용 빌렛트제조에는 빌렛트상하의 품질변화로 수평연속주조법이 사용되지 않고 있지만 전자기교반법을 이용할 경우 이러한 단점이 없어진다. 따라서 전자기교반장치를 설치한 수평연속주조장치를 이용하여 연주빌렛트를 제조하였다. 최대자속밀도가 1000Gauss 인 전자기교반장치를 설계 제작하였으며, 간접냉각방식의 흑연몰드에서 알루미늄합금을 사용하여 건전한 연주빌렛트를 제조할 수 있는 여러 공정조건을 조사 검토하여 직경 70mm의 기포가 없고 표면이 미려한 등축정을 가진 연주빌렛트를 제조하였다. 인출속도에 따른 수평 연속주조 빌렛트의 표면, 용탕유동라인 및 조직을 검토한 결과 평균인출속도 20mm/min에서 40mm/min까지 아주 미려한 표면특성을 가졌으며, 인출속도가 빠르면 유동라인이 표면에서 중심 쪽으로 완만한 기울기를 가지게 되어 표면응고층이 얇아져 빌렛트가 고액계면에서 끊어지게 되며, 조직미세화는 인출속도가 클수록 미세화되었으나, 결정구상화정도는 인출속도가 빠를수록 악화되었다.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.224-229
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• 1992

Sodium acyl isethionate, one of the anionic surfactants, was synthesized and purified from the fatty acid and the sodium isethionate. To investigate the tendency of the surface active properties of acyl group, surface tension, foaming power, foam stability, lime soap dispersing power, detergency, and critical micelle concentration were determinded. The results exhibited that sodium acyl isethionates had exellent surface active properties and critical micelle concentrations were measured between $1.1{\times}10^{-4}mol/l$ and $4.8{\times}10^{-3}mol/l$. In this case, surface tensions were indicated between 26.8dyn/cm and 36.7dyn/cm.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.275-281
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• 2016

In this study, we investigate the pool boiling enhancement caused by perforated plates on top of a smooth surface. We conduct tests using R-123 at atmospheric pressure. It was shown that perforated plates significantly enhanced the pool boiling of the smooth surface. The reason may be attributed to the increased bubble contact area between the plates. The results showed that the enhancement ratio was dependent on the heat flux. At high heat flux, the enhancement ratio increased as the porosity increased. However, at low heat flux, the enhancement ratio decreased as the porosity increased. For the present investigation, the optimum configuration had a pore diameter of 2.0 mm, pore pitch of $2.5mm{\times}5.0mm$ or $5.0mm{\times}5.0mm$, and a gap width of 0.5 mm, which yielded heat-transfer coefficients that are close to those of GEWA-T. The optimum porosity for R-123 was significantly larger than that of water or ethanol. The reason for this may be the large liquid-to-vapor density ratio along with the small latent heat of vaporization of R-123. The perforated plates yielded smaller boiling hysteresis compared with that of the smooth surface.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2014

A cationic ester type surfactant, namely N-2-hydroxy-3-(2-hydroxyacetoxy) proply-N,N-dimethyldodecylaminium chloride(HPDA) was synthesized and confirmed by FT-IR and $^1H$-NMR spectroscopy. Surface tensions on the diluted aqueous solutions of the synthetic compounds were measured and evaluated critical micelle concentration. Surface tension was 33~34 dyne/cm in the range of $10^{-3}{\sim}10^{-2}mol/L$ and critical micelle concentration(c.m.c) value was $8.5{\times}10^{-3}mol/L$ by surface tension method. Emulsifying properties of the synthetic surfactant(HPDA) and Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (TTAB) was tested. As a results, synthetic glycolic acid ester type compounds(HPDA) has been confirmed as a good emulsifier. The foaming power and stability of synthesized ester type surfactant was measured by Ross-Miles method.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.216-221
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• 1991

Surface activities of four potassium N-acyl-N-methyl-${\beta}$-alaninate including surface tension, foaming power, foam stability, emulsifying power and dispersion power were measured respectively, and critical micelle concentration(cmc) was evaluated. Consequently these anionic surfactants with long chain acyl amide showed good emusifying power of O/W type, foaming, foam stability and dispersion effect.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.197-197
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• 2003

현재 PDP(Plasma Display Panel) 투명유전체층은 PbO 계열을 사용하고 있으나 제조공정 시 다량의 중금속 페기물이 방출됨에 따라 환경오염을 야기시킴으로 무연조성이며 저온소성이 가능한 저융점유리인 인산염계 유리에 대한 열적, 화학적, 광학적 특성에 대해 체계적인 연구가 진행되었다. 광학적 특성을 위 한 승온속도, 소성온도, 유지시간의 변화 그리고, 프릿 입도에 따른 광 투광성, 기포의 형성, 그리고 기포의 분포특성을 연구하였다. 열적특성은 DTA와 TMA를 이용하여 유리전이점(Tg) 및 선팽창계수(CTE)와 Littleton softning point (Ts)가 측정되었다. 광학적특성은 스크린프린팅법으로 후막 제조 후 소성하여 UV-visible spectrometer을 이용하여 300~800nm영역에서 투광성을 측정하였으며, FEG-SEM, AFM을 이용해 표면을 관찰하였다. 결과로써, Tg는 440-46$0^{\circ}C$ 와 CTE는 7~8.5$\times$$10^{-6}$K값을 보였고 높은 화학적 내구성과 60-80%의 광투과율을 나타내었다. 프릿의 미세화, 숭온속도의 감소는 기포의 생성을 줄이는데 효과를 보였으며, 그 결과 양호한 광투과율을 얻을 수 있었다. 이러한 결과에 따르면, P$_2$O$_{5}$-ZnO-RO 조성은 PDP용 투명유전체 조성으로써 기존의 PbO계열을 대체할만한 새로운 조성으로 고려된다.