• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.9B no.2
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• pp.202-214
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• 2002

In this paper, we propose a modified FCM (MFCM) algorithm to solve the problems of the FCM algorithm and the fuzzy clustering algorithm using an average intracluster distance (FCAID). The MFCM algorithm grants the regular grade of membership in the small size of cluster. And it clears up the convergence problem of objective function because its objective function is designed according to the grade of membership of it, verified, and used for clustering data. So, it can solve the problem of the FCM algorithm in different size of cluster and the FCAID algorithm in the convergence problem of objective function. To verify the MFCM algorithm, we compared with the result of the FCM and the FCAID algorithm in data clustering. From the experimental results, the MFCM algorithm has a good performance compared with others by classification entropy.

• Korean Journal of Cleft Lip And Palate
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.93-106
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• 2004

본 연구의 목적은 편측성 구순구개열 (UCLP) 환자에서 술전 비치조 정형장치 (presurgical nasoalveolar molding appliance, PNAM) 와 구순 봉합수술의 치조골 정형효과를 3차원 (3-D) 분석을 통하여 평가하는 것이다. 연구대상은 16명의 UCLP 환자 (평균 파열부거리: 10.46mm) 이며 PNAM 장치에 의한 치료와 rotation-advancement법에 의한 구순 봉합수술을 받았다 처음 내원시 (평균연령: $37.0{\pm}27.89$ 일), PNAM 치료를 받고 난 후이며 구순봉합수술 1달 전 (평균연령: $119.25{\pm}40.18$ 일), 구순봉합수술 2달 후 (평균연령: $190.81{\pm}42.78$ 일)에 상악의 인상을 채득하였다. 그 후 laser scanning machine (Orapix, Dimennex, Seoul, Korea) 과 3-D view software (3Dxer, Dimennex) 를 사용하여 3-D모형을 제작하였다. 선, 각도, 정중선변이, 거리, 면적 항목을 3-D 모형상에서 계측하고, 각 시기별의 차이를 비교하기 위하여 Wilcoxon signed rank test를 사용하여 분석하였다. PNAM치료 동안과 구순 봉합수술 후에도 치조골 후방부는 안정된 구조물이었다. PNAM치료에 의한 파열부 거리의 감소는 대분절 (greater segment) 의 내측 굴곡 (bending) 에 의하여 발생하였다. 대분절 (greater segment)의 전방 성장은 PNAM치료에 의하여 억제되었으나, 구순 봉합수술 후에 회복되었다. 구순 봉합수술 후에 대분절과 소분절 사이의 전방부 각도의 증가는 구순 반흔 (lip scar) 의 압력에 의한 치조골 정형 효과 때문으로 생각된다. 정중선변이는 PNAM치료에 의하여 개선되었다. PNAM치료 동안과 구순 봉합수술 후에 구개부 (palatal segment) 의 면적은 계속 증가하였다. 치조골 면적과 거리 항목의 증가는 후방부에서 크게 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 PNAM치료에 의한 치조골 정형효과는 주로 전방부에서 발생하며, 치조골의 성장은 구순 봉합수술 후에 후방부에서 주로 발생한다는 것을 의미한다.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.141-146
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• 2006

Genotype data from seven microsatellites typed in 231 animals were used to estimate the genetic structures of eight cow population distributed by regional area in Hanwoo (Korean cattle). In total, 53 alleles were detected from the genotyping of seven microsatellite markers. The average of expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.682 to 0.734 in 8 population of Hanwoo. Even though there were also some of alleles that were found in only specific regional population, similar frequency pattern for the most of alleles appeared in various 8 population. Genetic distances between populations were obtained using STDUPGMA method to construct a phylogenetic tree. The tree illustrated that most individuals were grouped on the basis of populations, distributed by the regional area. Some of genetic parameter on the basis of microsatellite gonotyping appears to provide a useful tool for examining the regional area kindship and genetic variation in Hanwoo.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.225-238
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• 2017

In this study, two viable measures of mean length and cumulative thickness of sand layers as important spatial statistics responsible for optimal SAGD (Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage) location for oil sand development were compared. For the comparisons, various deposits composed of sand and clay media were realized using a geostatistical simulator and the extent of steam chamber is simulated using multiphysics numerical simulator (dualphase flow and heat transfer). Based on the spatial statistics of each realization and the corresponding size of simulated steam chamber, the representativeness of two candidate measures (cumulative thickness and mean length of permeable media) were compared. The results of the geostatistical and SAGD simulations suggest that the mean length of permeable media is better correlated to the size of steam chamber than the cumulative thickness. Given those two-dimensional results, it is concluded that the cumulative thickness of the permeable media alone may not be a sufficient criterion for determining an optimal SAGD location and the mean length needs to be complementarily considered for the sound selections.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.34 no.12
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• pp.1793-1803
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• 2010

The weighting method and goal programming require weighting factors or target values to obtain a Pareto optimal solution. However, it is difficult to define these parameters, and a Pareto solution is not guaranteed when the choice of the parameters is incorrect. Recently, the Mahalanobis Taguchi System (MTS) has been introduced to minimize the Mahalanobis distance (MD). However, the MTS method cannot obtain a Pareto optimal solution. We propose a function called the skewed Mahalanobis distance (SMD) to obtain a Pareto optimal solution while retaining the advantages of the MD. The SMD is a new distance scale that multiplies the skewed value of a design point by the MD. The weighting factors are automatically reflected when the SMD is calculated. The SMD always gives a unique Pareto optimal solution. To verify the efficiency of the SMD, we present two numerical examples and show that the SMD can obtain a unique Pareto optimal solution without any additional information.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.70-70
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• 2003

경피적관상동맥성형술(CPTCA)이나 스텐트삽입술 후에 발생하는 재협착을 방지하기 위한 방사선을 조사하는 방법 중에 베타 입자를 방출하는 액체 선원을 catheter풍선 내에 넣어 일정 시간 방사선 조사 시키는 방법이 있다. 조사시킬 혈관의 길이가 길어 한번의 방사선 조사가 어려울 경우 영역을 분할하여 두 번에 나누어 조사할 경우가 있다. 조사영역의 겹치는 부근의 흡수선량이 고선량이나 저선량이 되는가를 알기 위하여 두 풍선간의 접근 거리에 따른 혈관내벽의 흡수선량 분포를 알아보았다. 풍선내의 액체 선원은 Ho-l66을 이용하였고 Ho-l66의 물리적 반감기는 26.8시간이고 최대에너지 1.85 MeV, 평균에너지 0.69 MeV와 최대에너지 1.77 MeV, 평균에너지 0.65 MeV를 갖는 베타 입자를 방출한다. Ho-l66 의 방사선 흡수선량을 측정하기 위하여 GafChromic 필름(Nuclear Associates, Carle Place, NY, USA)을 이용하였고, 방사선이 조사된 필름의 optical density는 videodensitometer(Wellhofer, Schwarzen-bruck, Germany)를 이용하여 값을 읽었다. Catheter 풍선은 직경이 3 mm 이고 길이가 20 mm인 것을 이용하였다. 혈관 내벽의 최대 흡수선량을 표준화하여 겹치는 부분의 흡수선량 분포를 접근 거리에 따라 구하였다. 또한 몬테카를로 시abf레이션으로 확인하였다. 두 풍선의 겹치는 부근의 선량 분포는 풍선 중앙에서 중앙사이의 거리가 21 mm 일 때 중앙에서 20% 증가하였고, 거리가 22 mm일 때와 23 mm일 때 각각 10%와 40%의 감소를 보였다. 풍선 도자의 풍선 안에 베타입자 방출 액체 선원을 넣어 혈관내벽에 방사선 조사하는 방법은 비정거리가 짧아 혈관 내벽 부근에만 방사선을 조사시키고 그 외 중요 장기에는 영향을 덜 미치는 장점이 있다. 그러나 혈관 내벽 표면으로 부터의 거리에 따라 흡수선량이 급격히 떨어지는 분포를 이루기 때문에 두 개의 풍선이 겹치는 부근의 흡수선량은 아주 작은 접근 거리에서도 급격한 변화를 보였다. 따라서 시술 중에 겹치는 부분을 아주 적게 분할하여 정확하게 차례차례로 조사시키기 위해서는 신중한 거리 조정을 하여야 한다.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.85-91
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• 1996

Among the 110 glasses wearers, the hyperopic glasses wearers were 18(16.36%) persons and myopic glasses wearers were 92(83.64%) persons. The distance for optical centers was coincided to the pupillary distance in 9(8.18%) persons and discrepant in 101(91.82%) persons. Ophthalmic dispensing Pupillary Distance resulted from testing by the trouble error range(Germany RAL-915), unadopt spectacles had been wearers 52(51.49%) persons. The 65(64.56%) persons and 36(35.64%) persons showed the induced esophoria and the induced exophria, respectively. The maximal induced esophoria was 3.69 prism diopters and maximal induced exophoria was 3.68 prism diopters.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.63-68
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• 2017

In this paper, Distance recognition measurement using distance calculation correction algorithm, was realization through LED dimming control. The calculation values for the RSSI average filtering and the RSSI feedback filtering were calculated and applied to reduce the error of the RSSI value measured from a long distance. It was confirmed that the RSSI values through the average filtering and the RSSI values measured by setting the coefficient value of the feedback filtering to 0.5 were ranged from -61 dBm to - 52.5 dBm, which shows irregular and high values decrease slightly as much as about -2 dBm to -6 dBm as compared to general measurements. A distance calculation correction algorithm to improve the accuracy was applied, which confirmed that as the distance increases, the range of errors decreases. In conclusion, unstable signals were corrected using the RSSI measurement result filtering, and the distance calculation correction algorithm was applied and performed to reduce the range of errors. In addition, RGB colors were implemented by LED to indicate the distance determination and the signal stability.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.543-555
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• 2013

This study is to analyze effectiveness of golf skills (driving distance, rating of fairway, green in regulation, sand save ratio, recovery ratio, putting average) to average score using records of PGA, LPGA, KPGA, KLPGA. Independent variables were driving distance, rating of fairway, green in regulation, sand save ratio or recovery ratio, putting average. Dependent variable was the scoring average in this study. To analyze these variables, multi-group (PGA vs LPGA, KPGA vs KLPGA, PGA vs KPGA, LPGA vs KLPGA) path analysis was used through AMOS 18.0 program and significance level was set at 0.05. As the result, the variables that show significant differences of path coefficient between PGA model and LPGA model were driving distance and green in regulation to average score. The variables that show significant differences of path coefficient between KPGA model and KLPGA model were driving distance, recovery ratio, and putting average to average score. The variables that show significant differences of path coefficient between PGA model and KPGA model were driving distance, recovery ratio, and putting average to average score. There was not significant difference of path coefficient between LPGA model and KLPGA model.

• The Korean Journal of Rheology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 1996

단섬유 강화복합재료의 가공공정에 있어서 유동 중에 일어나는 섬유 배향상태를 정 확히 예측하고 제어하는 일은 대단히 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 섬유현탁액의 거동을 살펴보 기 위하여 뉴톤유체를 매질로하는 섬유현탁액을 대상으로 하여 유변학적 해석을 하였다. 이 를 위해 섬유간 상호계수는 섬유배향상태의 함수의 섬유간 평균거리를 이용하여 계산하였는 데, 섬유간 평균거리는 변형된 Doi-Edwards의 방법을 이용하였다. 축대칭 압출팽창 문제를 예로 수치모사를 하여 본 저자들이 앞서 행한 결과와 비교하였다. 유동장을 축대칭 이차원 으로 하고 섬유배향을 삼차원 모두 고려하여 구한 수치모사의 결과는 실험과 잘 일치하였 다. 진한 섬유현탁액의 경우 섬유간 상호계수는 중요한 인자로서 이것을 섬유 배향상태에 의존하는데 이섬유간 상호계수를 섬유간 거리와 섬유배향상태의 함수로 나타내는 방법을 사 용하여 보다 실제적인 해석을 할수 있었다.