• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.113-120
• /
• 2014

Packaging has played important function on marketing as a silent salesman. As an interface of consumer and products, packaging fulfills several functions such as protection, sales promotion, communication and convenience during the distribution process. For the appearance of self-service sales method, packaging could be regarded as important salesman influencing consumers' preference on shelf in the shop. In this study, Vitamin water was selected as the proper target product for lower impact of prices and brands. With previous studies, Vitamin water packaging elements were classified as 'packaging material', 'packaging shape', 'label color', 'logo layout', then each packaging element was consist of details. To measure the influence of each packaging element on consumers' preference quantitatively and to minimize respondent's subjective judgment, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used as a tool. Through AHP result, packaging element of the most influence on consumers' preference is 'label color (0.370)', and 'container shape (0.246)', 'container material (0.230)', 'logo layout (0.154)' was in order. Among the detail packaging element, 'plastic (0.405)' has the greatest influence in 'container material' and 'cylinder (0.423)' in 'container shape', 'magenta (0.329)' in 'label color', 'vertical layout (0.572)' in 'logo layout'.

• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.89-96
• /
• 2017

The majority of freshwater ornamental fish are imported and distributed domestically, causing high risk of exposure to exotic pathogens and drug resistant bacteria in Korea. Aeromonas hydrophila is known as a common species of fresh water bacteria and opportunistic fish pathogen, as well as a species causing zoonotic infection. In this study, we isolated motile aeromonads from various imported freshwater ornamental fish and studied the characters of the isolates. Imported freshwater ornamental fish were purchased on day 1 after the fish were deposited in the aquarium. Bacteria were isolated from the liver, kidney and spleen of fish using 0.5% NaCl containing tryptic soy agar medium. Bacteria were grouped on the basis of their morphological characteristics. The colonies with clear zone on starch-ampicillin agar (SA agar) were tentatively identified as Aeromonas spp. Two hundred and twenty-six strains, about 70% of total isolates were assumed to be Aeromonas spp. Nine isolates were further identified based on the result of the API 20E test and PCR using primers specific for A. hydrophila 16S rRNA gene. The isolates were identified as A. hydrophila and the API 20E test showed differences in trisodium citrate, D-sucrose, D-melibiose, amygdalin and L-arabinose availability between the nine isolates and standard A. hydrophila. The susceptibilities of the isolated bacteria to 10 antibacterial agents were confirmed by the disk diffusion method. Isolated strains were found to be resistant to amoxicillin and ampicillin and sensitive to florfenicol. However, 7 isolates showed multiple drug resistances to erythromycin, oxytetracycline, nalidixic acid etc. Pathogenicity of the isolates was determined by the artificial challenge test on goldfish (Carassius auratus). Three isolates caused 60 ~ 80% mortality in goldfish within 5 days after the initiation of challenge. These results indicate that multiple drug resistant, highly pathogenic and exotic A. hydrophila can spread to domestic aquarium and the preventive treatment of fish before sale is necessary.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.276-282
• /
• 2008

It is estimated that over 80% of deer antlers produced in the world are consumed in Korea. However, mislabeling or fraudulent replacement of costly antlers with cheaper ones is one of the most common problems in the domestic antler market. Therefore, there is a great need for the development of technology to identify species of antlers. This study was carried out to develop an accurate and reliable method for the identification and authentication of species or subspecies of antlers using DNA sequence analysis and comparison of mitochondrial cytochrome band D-loop region genes among antlers of five deer species, Cervus elaphus sibericus, Cervus elaphus canadensis, Cervus nippon, Cervus elaphus bactrianus and Rangifer tarandus. A variable region of cytochrome band D-loop genes was amplified using PCR with specifically designed primers and sequenced directly. The cytochrome band D-loop region genes showed different DNA sequences between the species of antlers and thus it is possible to differentiate between species on the basis of sequence variation. To distinguish between reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) antlers and other deer antlers, PCR amplicons of the cytochrome b gene were digested with the restriction enzymes NlaIV and TaqI, respectively, which generates a species-specific DNA profile of the reindeer. In addition, samples of 32 sliced antlers labeled Cervus elaphus sibericus from commercial markets were collected randomly and the mt DNA D-loop region of these antler samples was sequenced. Among the antler samples investigated, only 62.5% were from Cervus elaphus sibericus, and others were from Cervus elaphus bactrianus (25.0%), elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis) and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). Our results suggest that DNA sequencing of mt DNA and PCR-RFLP methods using NlaIV and TaqI enzymes are useful for the identification and discrimination of deer antler species by routine analysis.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.33-40
• /
• 2006

Many soil amendments have been used nowadays to improve physical and chmical condition of turf soil, which might ultimately optimize turfgrass growth in golf courses. This study was carried out to Investigate the effects of new organic soil amendment containing pig excreta 50% and sawdust 50% on growth of zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica L.) and kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) in greenhouse. Three applicable treatments with soil mixtures of 10, 20, and 30% (v/v) animal organic soil amendment (AOSA) with sand, were tested for chemical property, physical property, visual quality and root length of zoysiagrass and Kentucky bluegrass. As results, application of $10{\sim}30%$ AOSA mixtures were proper to grow turfgrass in soil nutrition. Especially, the treatment with 20% AOSA mixtures showed 0.7% in organic matter, which meets to green standard of USGA. Also, 30% AOSA mixtures was 1.1% in organic matter, which might be desirable for zoysiagrass-planted golf courses in Korea. It was turned out that addition of AOSA decreased the hydraulic conductivity in soil physical property Because the sand possess high hydraulic conductivity, it is recommended to combine $10{\sim}30%$ AOSA with sand in order to sustain soil balance. The treatment with $10{\sim}30%$ AOSA noticeably increased visual quality of both zoysiagras and Kentucky bluegrass during 90 days. However, treatments with either 20% or 30% AOSA were effective to develop root length of zoysiagrass but treatments with 20% AOSA were more effective than that of 30% AOSA mixtures to promote root length of Kentucky bluegrass at 60 days. In conclusion, considering all vital factors such as visible quality, root growth, organic matter content, and economical efficiency, was taken, it is recommended that a $20{\sim}30%$ mixture of AOSA with sand is good for the growth of zoysiagrass and 20% mixture for Kentucky bluegrass.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.694-704
• /
• 2016

Various infectious and parasitic diseases are known to be the main factors that cause decline in the global amphibian population. In Korea, commercial frog farms have been running since 2005. However, until now, studies on diseases including studies on parasitic diseases that occur in farm frogs have not been conducted. In this study, we studied and compared the acanthocephalan infection rates and the number of parasites in the body cavity, stomach, and small and large intestines of the Dybowskii's brown frogs collected from inside and outside the frog farms in Inje, Goesan, Gongju and Boryeong. In addition, we classified the acanthocephalan parasites into genera by analyzing their nuclear 18S rRNA genes. On an average, 51.7% of the investigated frogs were infected by acanthocephalans, which belong to the Centrorhynchus genus. The infection rate of the frogs collected in the Inje farm was 15%, significantly lower than those from the Goesan, Gongju and Boryeong farms. The rate in Goesan was 55%, which is lower than Gongju (80%) and Boryeong (90%) although it is not statistically significant. No difference was found in the infection rate and in the number of parasites in male and female frogs and between the groups collected from inside and outside of the farms. The number of infected parasites negatively correlated with the body condition of the frogs. The most parasites were found in the stomach followed by the small and large intestines and the body cavity. This study is the first report on the Centrorhynchus acanthocephalan infection of amphibians in Korea and it suggests the necessity for acanthocephalan parasite management and for conducting further disease-related studies in commercial frog farms.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.53 no.4
• /
• pp.427-433
• /
• 2014

To investigate the biological control of Aulacorthum solani, a comparative analysis was carried out using an indigenous natural enemy, Ephedrus plagiator, and an exotic parasitoid, Aphidius ervi. Lifespan, spawning periods, number of mummies, number of offspring, and developmental periods of the two parasitoids on Aulacorthum solani and Acyrthosiphon pisum were studied at 15, 20, 25, and $30^{\circ}C$ with a photoperiod 16 h (L): 8 h (D). The lifespan of E. plagiator (5.3 days) was relatively higher than that of A. ervi (2.3 days) when these parasitoids were reared on A. solani at $15^{\circ}C$. Similarly, the spawning period of E. plagiator (5.3 days) was longer than that of A. ervi (2.2 days). When the two aphid parasitoids were provisioned with A. solani, the numbers of E. plagiator mummies at 15, 20, 25, and $30^{\circ}C$ were 71.5, 41, 15.7, and 7.7, respectively, whereas at the same temperatures, the numbers of A. ervi mummies were 22.1 16.3, 6.2, and 0.4, respectively. In contrast, when provision with A. pisum, the numbers of E. plagiator mummies at 15, 20, 25, and $30^{\circ}C$ were 70.3, 69.8, 34.3, and 8.4, whereas the numbers of A. ervi mummies were 93.4, 71.2, 34.8, and 14.5, respectively. The numbers of E. plagiator offspring emerging at 15, 20, 25, and $30^{\circ}C$ were 42.1, 36, 11.6, and 0, whereas the numbers of A. ervi offspring emerging were relatively lower at 19.6, 13.5, 3.7, and 0.1, respectively. By comparing these results, it can be concluded that E. plagiator is a more efficient parasitoid of A. solani, whereas A. ervi is more efficient on A. pisum.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.45 no.4
• /
• pp.399-408
• /
• 2019

Arbutin, which is used as a whitening ingredient, can produce hydroquinone, known as causing skin disease and carcinogen. Preservatives are essential to prevent microbial contamination during long-term storage and use of cosmetics, but safety issues such as toxicity and skin irritation are being raised. This study was conducted to determine hydroquinone and 21 preservatives levels in 40 arbutin-containing whitening functional cosmetics sold on-line and off-line. Result showed that 9 products contained hydroquinone. The concentrations in 7 products were ranged from 0.3 to 0.9 ppm, which were within the maximum allowed amount established by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. However, 2 products were 8.4 and 50.5 ppm and exceeded the allowed amount. Preservatives were detected 20 products. Detected items and ranges were phenoxy ethanol 0.1 ~ 0.7% (N = 15), Methyl paraben 0.19 ~ 0.21% (N = 2), Chlorphenesin 0.13% (N = 1), chlorhexidine 0.006% (N = 1), Propyl paraben 0.06% (N = 1), which were within maximum allowed amount established by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Also, in cases of functional cosmetics the phrase "functional cosmetics" should be expressed on the primary or secondary package of cosmetics by cosmetics act. However, 1 product did not state the phrase as functional cosmetics. This study suggest that preservatives were safely managed. However, hydroquinone in hydroquinone-detected products could be produced by the decomposition of arbutin. Thus, further studies on the decomposition of arbutin are required to improve the quality control of the cosmetics.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.49 no.3
• /
• pp.274-278
• /
• 2017

In this study, predictive mathematical models were developed to estimate the kinetics of Staphylococcus aureus growth in processed meat product galbitang. Processed meat product galbitang was inoculated with 0.1 mL of S. aureus culture and stored at 4, 10, 20, $37^{\circ}C$. The ${\mu}_{max}$ (maximum specific growth rate) and LPD (lag phase duration) values were calculated. The primary model was used to develop a response surface secondary model. The growth parameters were analyzed using the square root model as a function of storage temperature. The developed model was confirmed by calculating RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) values as statistic parameters. The LPD decreased, but ${\mu}_{max}$ increased with an increase in the storage temperature. At 4, 10, 20 and $37^{\circ}C$, $R^2$ was 0.99, 0.98, 0.99 and 0.99, respectively; RMSE was 0.39. The developed predictive growth model can be used to predict the risk of S. aureus contamination in processed meat product galbitang; hence, it has potential as an input model for the risk assessment.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.81-91
• /
• 1988

The purpose of this research is to analyze the tendencies of poultry consumption in Korea. The information used is the data collected three times during the period from Sept. 1, 1985 to April 30, 1987 throughout the major cities. Those who participated in the survey are 2, 598 including housewives, nutritionists, cookers, group feeding institutions, woman's organizations, and the students of doing nutrition－related studies. Consumer preferences for poultry meat and eggs tend to move toward high quality and more strict sanitary standards. Following this line of consumer preference changes, the poultry product marketing supported by cold chain system is rapidly developing. Household consumption of poultry meat largely consists of hi－and semi－broilers but the household demand for these two broilers tends to decrease steadily over time. In general poultry meat consumption appears to be affected by consumer taste rather than market factors such as prices. In addition consumer choices are quite different depending on poultry meat parts which are preferred in order of drum sticks, wings, and breasts. In particular drum sticks are most preferred than any other parts. An important problem in poultry production is related to consumption seasonality since large part of poultry meat consumption is concentrated during the summer season. Another problem is associated with little development of cooking methods. At present there are two types of primary commercial cooking techniques, fries and samgaetang (boiled chicken with jinsang and rice). For promoting domestic poultry meat disposal and reducing the demand seasonality, new cooking methods should be developed and followed by more aggresive advertisements. In domestic egg trade, smaller packing units(i.e., 10 eggs per unit) tend to bi preferred to large ones (i.e., 30 eggs per unit). In consumers egg purchasing decisions nearness to the shops and convenience appear to be important factors. For egg shell colors consumers recognize that there is no difference in nutritional values. However, survey results show that consumers highest preference lies in eggs with brown color. Eggs are most popular among children and preferred in order of middle－and high－school students, 17-25 age people, and adults. Egg prices are concieved relatively cheap to its nutritional values. In house－holds eggs are consumed in the forms of fries, side dishes, and lunch basket dishes. However, high level of cholesterol content in eggs appears to be an important problem in promoting eggs consumption.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.160-165
• /
• 2011

The composition of fatty acids in bakery products from 35 bakeries in Seoul was analyzed by GCFID. The contents of crude fat in bakery products were represented 9.54-44.30% in pastries, 14.67-41.22% in cookies and 7.63-28.15% in whipped cream cakes. The total saturated fatty acid content in pastries, cookies and whipped cream cakes were 12.8-75.1 %, 8.7-81.6% and 50.2-85.9% respectively. The proportion of trans fatty acids in pastries ranged from 0.00 to 3.37%. Cookies and whipped cream cakes were represented varying amount of trans fatty acid with highest value of 4.55% in cookies and 2.13% in whipped cream cakes. Total estimated daily intakes of fatty acids from pastries and whipped cream cakes were as follows: 1.2 g/day/person for saturated fatty acids and 0.014 g/day/person for trans fatty acids.