• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.85-93
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• 2020

This study describes the results of laboratory model test on settlement of soil contaminated with heavy metals, in order to evaluate the applicability of VMS to the measurement of gound settlements generated during the purification of contaminated soil. The measurement results for settlement of contaminated soil were compared using a 3D-Visual Monitoring System (VMS) based on digital photogrammetry and a total station. The test result showed that the settlement of the soil contaminated with heavy metals occurred a lot in the experimental condition in which the hydrophilic filter was applied. The minimum and maximum error ranges of VMS were calculated as ±0.36mm and ±0.87mm, respectively, and the error of VMS was satisfied in all experimental conditions. The average error rate of VMS was lower in the hydrophilic filter condition than in the hydrophobic filter condition. Therefore, it was evaluated that VMS can be applied to measure the settlement of contaminated soil.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.245-251
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• 2004

Recently, in a field of cadastre, a computerization of cadastral map is in progress with great growth of GSIS field. Also, the needs fer the integration of land and building information are widely increasing for integral-management and its application of various land related information. Through a revision of cadastral laws to replace the existing 2D-Cadastre with the 3D-Cadastre, a legal basis to register the position of buildings and facilities is prepared in the governmental or civil fields. This paper presented 3D-Cadastre theory that has been studied on Europe and surveyed building position directly with Totalstation at cadastral control point after choosing pilot test area, Also, the most efficient surveying method of registering building in a cadastral map is presented with comparing and analyzing building position after surveying digital orthophoto and digital map. And it is constructed a 3D information cadastral map model that can make the integral management of land, building, connecting land recorders, building management ledgers, building titles, building pictures, and related attribute information.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.330-334
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• 2011

자연하천의 유량값은 일반적으로 횡단면의 면적과 이를 통과하는 유속의 곱으로 산정된다. 유량측정 방법은 하천의 형태와 저 평수기 및 홍수기의 수위에 따라 도섭법, 교량법, 부자법 및 보트를 이용한 ADVM 측정법 등 다양한 방법으로 실시된다. 그러나 현장 여건에 따라 흐름에 직각이 아닌 사교에서 측정이 이루어지는 경우에는 단면적의 오차를 포함할 가능성이 크기 때문에 횡단면의 측선 각도에 따라 각보정을 실시해야 한다. 현재 사교에서 유량 측정을 실시하는 경우, 흐름의 직각을 기준으로 처짐각을 측량하여 각 측선에 $cos{\theta}$를 적용하여 단면적을 보정하고 있는데, 이 처짐의 정도가 유량의 참값에서 어느 정도의 영향을 미치는지에 대한 검토가 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 한강수계 왕숙천에 위치한 퇴계원 지점에서 실시간 수위에 따른 유속을 측정하였으며, 횡단면에 직각인 측선을 기준값으로 제시하고, 처짐각의 정도를 $10^{\circ}$, $20^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$, $40^{\circ}$, $50^{\circ}$까지 늘려 산정된 유량값을 기준값과 비교 분석하였다. 본 연구에 쓰인 측정기기는 Price AA 유속계이고, 측정방법으로는 유량의 흐름 방향을 기준하여 직각으로 수면에서 0.6d 지점의 유량측정방법(1점법)을 적용하였다. 그 결과 유량의 흐름 방향을 기준하여 직각인 경우 $1.39m^3/s$의 유량에서 보정 전 각 $10^{\circ}$의 유량 $1.36m^3/s$, $30^{\circ}$의 유량 $1.49m^3/s$, $50^{\circ}$의 유량 $2.25m^3/s$로 각이 클수록 단면적이 크게 나타나며 유량 역시도 과대 산정됨을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 도섭법을 이용한 유량측정이나 사교에서의 교량법 등을 적용하여 유량측정을 실시할 경우 유량의 흐름방향을 기준으로 직각으로 유량측정을 실시하여 유량을 산정하되 부득이한 경우로 사교에서의 측정이 이루어 졌을 시 흐름 방향을 기준으로 각도를 측정하여 크게 나타나는 단면적에 처짐각을 보정하여 유량을 산정함이 오차를 줄일 수 있으며, 신뢰성 있는 유량자료 생산의 방법이 라 할 수 있겠다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.645-655
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• 2009

Deformations of the dam have been monitored by control points buried in the upper and lower dam of Samrangjin pumped storage power plant. The horizontal and vertical deformation observations performed in 1997, 2002, 2007 are to identity movements of the dam body by comparing and analyzing control points. For that reason, it was difficult to analyze movements of the dam in detail. Therefore, this research has observed surface of the dam using terrestrial laser scanner and estimate movements of the dam by comparing and analyzing scanned and designed surfaces of the dam since building completion. Vertical deformation of upper dam took place in the middle of ridge of dam, maximum cross section, up to 1.5m. In the middle and middle bottom of the downstream slope, vertical deformation was produced 0.75m around SP4-2 point and 0.5m around SP4-4 point. The maximum subsidence of vertical deformation in the lower dam took place in the middle of ridge of dam and upper part of upstream slope and subsidence was analyzed from -0.4 to -1.0m respectively. The result of this research can be used as initial observation to analyze whole movement of the dam in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.421-428
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• 2009

In Korea, the change of river flux due to seasons change is so considerable because of the mountainous terrain with the sharp slope and leaned rainfall. This unfavorable natural condition and the difficulties in precise grasping of the river status made the water resource management difficult so that the necessity of the precise river management has been continuously increased. In this study, a precise river-region DEM using the latest equipments of ALS and MBES is constructed. After acquiring DEM from each senor on the river region, a single DEM was generated by combining them. Also, the field inspection was carried out in the overlapped region of ALS and MBES in order to verify the quality of DEM. The verification of DEM was carried out by comparison between TINs obtained from the combined result of ALS and MBES and the surveying result from total station at more than 10 points in the selected two test areas. As a result, NO.1-area's RMSE of 0.322m and 0.113m are obtained for NO. 1 and NO. 2 areas, respectively. The result of this study shows the feasibility of DEM construction for river region using ALS and MBES as seen in the case of NO. 2 area. At the same time, it was appeared that a better method on the data fusion should be developed as seen in the result of NO. 1 area.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.15 no.2 s.40
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• pp.67-75
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• 2007

There are a number of risks in constructing tunnel-structures. Therefore, the precise and rapid observation about inside deformation of the tunnel is required to prevent these risks from occurring and to secure safety. But currently, the real situation is that the crown settlement, cavity deformation and ground surface settlement rely upon the universal mensuration which uses total station or various kinds of measuring instruments. Recently, according to improvement and progress of measuring technology, three-dimensional laser scanning is used as the method to provide data for maintaining structures. It solves the reliability problem of measuring method for the transformational volume of existing structures, provides data that enables to judge visually by three-dimensioning the shape change of structures and makes it possible to deliberate speedy countermeasure. And it can also be efficiently used in the structure maintenance and field measurement.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.149-160
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• 2014

Recently studies on application development and utilization using sensors and devices embedded in smartphones have flourished at home and abroad. This study aimed to analyze the accuracy of the images of smartphone to determine three-dimension position of close objects prior to the development of photogrammetric system applying smartphone and evaluate the feasibility to use. First of all, camera calibration was conducted on autofocus and infinite focus. Regarding camera calibration distortion model with balance system and unbalance system was used for the decision of lens distortion coefficient, the results of calibration on 16 types of projects showed that all cases were in RMS error by less than 1 mm from bundle adjustment. Also in terms of autofocus and infinite focus on S and S2 model, the pattern of distorted curve was almost the same, so it could be judged that change in distortion pattern according to focus mode is very little. The result comparison according to autofocus and infinite focus and the result comparison according to a software used for multi-image processing showed that all cases were in standard deviation less than ${\pm}3$ mm. It is judged that there is little result difference between focus mode and determination of three-dimension position by distortion model. Lastly the checkpoint performance by total station was fixed as most probable value and the checkpoint performance determined by each project was fixed as observed value to calculate statistics on residual of individual methods. The result showed that all projects had relatively large errors in the direction of Y, the direction of object distance compared to the direction of X and Z. Like above, in terms of accuracy for determination of three-dimension position for a close object, the feasibility to use smartphone camera would be enough.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.305-315
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• 2010

This research aims to develop a method to determine the 3D coordinates of an object point from overlapping omni-directional images acquired by a ground mobile mapping system and assess their accuracies. In the proposed method, we first define an individual coordinate system on each sensor and the object space and determine the geometric relationships between the systems. Based on these systems and their relationships, we derive a straight line of the corresponding object point candidates for a point of an omni-directional image, and determine the 3D coordinates of the object point by intersecting a pair of straight lines derived from a pair of matched points. We have compared the object coordinates determined through the proposed method with those measured by GPS and a total station for the accuracy assessment and analysis. According to the experimental results, with the appropriate length of baseline and mutual positions between cameras and objects, we can determine the relative coordinates of the object point with the accuracy of several centimeters. The accuracy of the absolute coordinates is ranged from several centimeters to 1 m due to systematic errors. In the future, we plan to improve the accuracy of absolute coordinates by determining more precisely the relationship between the camera and GPS/INS coordinates and performing the calibration of the omni-directional camera

• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.85-101
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• 2019

Recently, thank to the popularization of light-weight drone through the significant developments in computer technologies as well as the advanced automated procedures in photogrammetry, Unmanned Aircraft Systems have led to a growing interest in industry as a whole. Documentation, maintenance, and restoration projects of large scaled cultural property would required accurate 3D phenomenon modeling and efficient visual inspection methods. The object of this study verify on the accuracies achieved of 3D phenomenon reconstruction as well as on the validity of the preservation, maintenance and restoration of large scaled cultural property by UAS photogrammetry. The test object is cltural heritage(treasure 1324) that is the rock-carved standing Bodhisattva in Soraesan Mountain, Siheung, documented in Goryeo Period(918-1392). This standing Bodhisattva has of particular interests since it's size is largest stone Buddha carved in a rock wall and is wearing a lotus shaped crown that is decorated with arabesque patterns. The positioning accuracy of UAS photogrammetry were compared with non-target total station survey results on the check points after creating 3D phenomenal models in real world coordinates system from photos, and also the quantified informations documented by Culture Heritage Administration were compared with UAS on the bodhisattva image of thin lines. Especially, tests the validity of UAS photogrammetry as a alternative method of visual inspection methods. In particular, we examined the effectiveness of the two techniques as well as the relative fluctuation of rock surface for about 2 years through superposition analysis of 3D points cloud models produced by both UAS image analysis and ground laser scanning techniques. Comparison studies and experimental results prove the accuracy and efficient of UAS photogrammetry in 3D phenomenon modeling, maintenance and restoration for various large-sized Cultural Heritage.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.130-144
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• 2023

Recently, various positioning technologies are being researched based on signal-based positioning and image-based positioning to obtain accurate indoor location information. Among these, various studies are being conducted on image positioning technology that determines the location of a mobile terminal using images acquired through cameras and sensor data collected as needed. For video-based positioning, a method of determining indoor location is used by matching mobile terminal photos with virtual landmark images, and for this purpose, it is necessary to build indoor spatial information about various landmarks such as billboards, vending machines, and ATM machines. In order to construct indoor spatial information on various landmarks, a panoramic image in the form of a road view and accurate 3D survey results were obtained through c 13 buildings of the Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute(ETRI). When comparing the 3D total station final result and the terrestrial lidar panoramic image coordinates, the coordinates and distance performance were obtained within about 0.10m, confirming that accurate landmark construction for use in indoor positioning was possible. By utilizing these terrestrial lidar achievements to perform 3D landmark modeling necessary for image positioning, it was possible to more quickly model landmark information that could not be constructed only through 3D modeling using existing as-built drawings.