• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.147-152
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• 2001

Whether the pretreatment of sublethal arsenic or cadmium may prevent from lethality of arsenic or cadmium to mice, respectively, and also the protection against to lethality of arsenic or cadmium which might be induced by pretreatment of arsenic or cadmium may be related with their hepatic glutathione contents were investigated. When sodium arsenite or cadmium chloride was subcutaneously injected to mice (ICR strain) using lethal doses, all mice of both group were killed. The mortality of mice which were subsequently injected with lethal arsenic 24 hours after pretreatment of sublethal arsenic was decreased, and the same result was obtained in the case of cadmium. Sublethal pretreatment of arsenic or cadmium prior to lethal arsenic or cadmium treatment to mice, respectively, didn't decrease hepatic glutathione contents of the survived mice, while decreases of that contents in liver were observed in the mice just after they died. Cadmium pretreatment decreased mortality of mice which subsequently injected with lethal arsenic, while arsenic pretreatment didn't protect against cadmium lethality. These results indicate that protection against arsenic or cadmium lethality to mice induced by pretreatment of sublethal arsenic or cadmium may be directly related to other factors induced by sublethal camium pretreatment, not to hepatic glutathione contents.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.187-192
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• 2006

In order to know the biological effect of effluent from shipyard and the adjacent stream water on four organisms (flatfish, rockfish, sea squirt and arkshell) cultured around the shipyard, lethal rate and DNA damage were measured after 48 hr exposure and carried out by a single cell gel electrophoresis, namely comet assay. $LC_{50}$ (48 hr) could not be calculated in any organism 48 hours after exposure to effluent from shipyard and stream water, because all organism showed a lethal rate lower than 20%. Regardless of no acute toxicity, DNA damage of flatfish and rockfish was detected higher in Jang-Pyoung stream than in control, whereas sea squirt revealed higher DNA damage in laundry waste water. From these results, Jang-Pyoung stream seemed to have a relatively higher genotoxicity rather than effluent from shipyard.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.182-189
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• 1992

The influnces of 9 kinds of solvents on the toxicities against several insect species, phytotoxicity and solubility of compounds were evaluated by means of leaf dipping and spray methods. In case of the spray application, density and vapor pressure seemed to be a contributing factor to lethal toxicity against brown planthopper and diamond-back moth, respectively; the bigger the property of density and the smaller the vapor pressure gave the stronger toxicity. It appeared that the toxicity of solvents was not correlated with anyone of physical properties such as boiling point, dipole moment, dielectric constant, surface tension and viscosity. Spray treatment gave more toxicity to insects than leaf dipping treatment. Although dielectric constant and dipole moment seemed to be contributing factors to phytotoxic damage to rice seedling and bean plants, respectively, no general correlation between phytoxicity and the other physical properties was found. Leaf dipping application caused stronger phytotoxicity than spray application. It is concluded that 5% acetone solution may be most suitable to test chemicals because of its favorable solubility of compounds, lower toxicity to insects, and lower phytotoxicity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.175-180
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• 1989

Toxins from Vibrio vulnificus cause Vibrio septicemia. Study was carried out for localization, characterization and toxicity of these toxins by injection thorough introspectional route to ICR(Insititude cancer research) mouse using Vibrio vulnificus M -1 isolated from patient and Vibrio vulnificus S-1 from sea water. No significant differences in lethal toxicity were observed between Vibrio vulnificus M-1 and Vibrio vulnificus $S-1.\;LD_{50}$ was $7.80{\times}10^6$ cells when these bacteria were injected to ICR mouse thorough intraperitoneal route. Crude hemolysin from Vibrio vulnificus S-1 did not show lethal toxiity and this lethal toxin were found to be endotoxin. This endotoxin were completely inactivated upon incubation at $80^{\circ}C$ for 20min.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.79-87
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• 1997

To determine the cause of Vibrio septicemia by understanding the characteristics endotoxin from Vibrio vulnificus, lethal dose, heat resistance and vascular permeability enhancing activity were svaluated using vegestative cell and cell homogenate and the result is as follows: 1. Vibrio vulnificus CDC B3547 of patient origin did not exihibit any significant difference in toxicity compared to Vibrio vulnificus B57 of enviroment origin. 2. Strong toxicity was observed when viable cell count of Vibrio vulnificus CDC B3547 was more than 10$^{7}$/ml. 3. Toxicity of cell homogenate was completely inactivited upon geating at 80$^{\circ}$C for 20min. 4. Cell homogenate did not show hemolyic activity but was acknowleged to have cytotoxicity. 5. Major lethal toxin against mouse was existed in Vibrio vulnificus CDC B3547; however, separation of LPS and LPS-protein complex was not successful using the current technique.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.199-205
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• 2004

Effects of nitrite, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide on survival of the early developmental stages of Fenneropenaeus chinensis were determined under continuous flow-through system. The 96hr-$LC_{50}$ values of mysis stage were 18.4 mg/L, 0.69 mg/L and 13.5 $\mu{g}/L$ for nitrite, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, respectively; 28.3 mg/L, 1.23 mg/L and 20.7 $\mu{g}/L$ for post larva stage and 39.8 mg/L, 1.73 mg/L and 28.5 $\mu{g}/L$ for juvenile stage, respectively. The Fenneropenaeus chinensis sensitivity for the three pollutants was in the order of hydrogen sulfide>ammonia>nitrite. The mysis/post larva, mysis/juvenile and post larva/juvenile ratios of nitrite, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide toxicity were >1.5, >2.0 and <1.5 times, respectively, and mysis were found to be more sensitive to pollutants than juvenile in all cases.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.21 no.4 s.55
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• pp.301-310
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 내분비계장애물질로 잘 알려진 Bisphenol A와 Ethynyl estradiol(이하 BPA, EE)이 Chironomus riparius에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 수생생태계에서 Chironomus의 생태학적 중요성을 고려하여 연구한 반수치사농도(LC50),효소 활성, 성장/발달 등의 생화학적, 생리학적 독성에 대한 연구는 이들 물질에 대한 잠재적인 생태학적 중요성을 이해하는데 있어 유용한 정보를 제공할 수 있을 것이다. 연구 결과 BPA와 EE에 노출된 후 C. riparius게서 CAT와 GST활성이 증가하였고, EE에 고농도로 노출된 후 성충까지 충분히 성장하지 못했음을 확인하였다 이러한 결과로부터 C. riparius에서 BPA, EE에 대한 중요한 독성정보를 얻을 수 있었다. 그러므로 앞으로 BPA와 EE의 생화학적 효과와 C. riparitis의 개체수준 이상에서의 생리학적 실험을 통한 검증이 필요할 것이다.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.7-18
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• 2016

This study evaluated the toxicity of the burning gas from the synthetic wood products used in housings or warehouses. The combustion products of five materials, viz. impregnated laminated board, MDF, Douglas fir plywood, core plywood, and Lauan retardant, were analyzed using SEM, FTIR and a Cone Calorimeter. For the Lauan retardant, 256,965 ppm of carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) and 1,475 ppm of sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$) were measured, which are 2.5 times and 3.6 times as high as their lethal concentrations of 100,000 ppm and 400 ppm, respectively. For the impregnated laminated board, 1,569 ppm of nitrogen dioxide ($NO_2$) was measured, which is 6 times as high as its lethal concentration of 250 ppm. For MDF, 795 ppm of ammonia ($NH_3$) was measured, which is higher than its lethal concentration of 750 ppm. As a result, most internal-finishes generated toxic combustion products at levels higher than their lethal concentrations, which underlines the importance of the selection and manufacturing of internal-finish materials.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.149-155
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• 1983

Pseudomonas fluorescens, which had been known to be unable to degrade furfural, could utilize 0.03% of furfural as a sole carbon source in a culture with forced aeration. Lag period of this strain was lengthened by low concentration of furfural and growth yield reduced. High concentration of furfural over 0.1% showed killing effect on this strain. Cells of higher metabolic activity and of earlier growth stage were affected more seriously. The fact that even 0.05% of furfural showed no inhibition on respiration of this strain was confirmed with data on respiration rate in Warburg manometr. From these results, it was suggested that furfural show no inhibitory effect on external respination activities of P.fluorescens.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.23 no.2 s.58
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• pp.146-151
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• 2005

Recent studies indicated the utility of whole effluent assessment as a measure to control discharge of toxic effluents to receiving water in Korea. However, most studies have been focussed on acute lethal effects of toxic wastewater with little consideration of chronic sublethal impacts which are of growing concern in protecting aquatic ecosystem. We conducted acute and chronic toxicity tests with effluents discharged from five different dyeing plants in Gyeong-gi province using a marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri and a freshwater macroinvertebrate Daphnia magna to demonstrate the importance of assessing chronic sublethal effects. Various levels of acute and chronic toxicities were observed in many samples tested in this study. In 21-d chronic toxicity tests using D. magna all samples showed effects on reproduction and growth. Notable mortalities were also noted in three out of five effluents. The result of the Microtox assay indicated that acute microbial toxicity existed in effluents from two out of five plants and acute daphnid toxicity was observed in only one effluent. The result of this study clearly suggests chronic toxicity tests are more suitable to assess biological effects of effluents because it was shown from this study that even an effluent with no acute toxicity could cause chronically lethal and/or sublethal adverse effects on aquatic biota which may affect the population dynamics in aquatic ecosystem.