• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.84-94
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• 2019

This paper developed the VSL control algorithms for various traffic conditions in tunnels. Various algorithms determining control speed, buffer speed, and display time were suggested in order to apply three gantry locations. The algorithms were evaluated by constructing simulation environments using python and VISSIM Com-Interface. Results show that speed difference between congested flow and normal flow was 50 km/h without algorithm application, but the difference was reduced to 20 km/h with algorithm application. In addition, the length of congested region in the exit section of the tunnel was also reduced from 800m to 300m with algorithm application. It is expected that the traffic accidents in tunnels may be reduced since the average and standard deviation of the speed are greatly reduced after applying the algorithms suggested.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.383-401
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• 2011

This paper studied about environmental protection and Free Trade in FTA. FTA is representative means that maximize trade profit through free trade. But Regulation for environmental protection is infringing profit of free trade(FTA). It is the natural matter that the all countries must do environmental protection. but, measure for environmental protection must not be used on trade limited constituent. This study studied about enactment plan of environmental regulation to achieve two targets of environmental protection with trade liberalization. Study Finding is as following. First, it is that to apply existent environmental standard in the FTA expands trade liberalization. Second, need enactment of rule that can interchange Environmental Goods or a technology effectively. Third, there is necessity to establish procedural regulations and substantial regulations that refer environment problems. also to include comprehensive form in case of choose Multilateral Environmental Agreements is reasonable.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.61-69
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• 2019

This study analyzed the process of university mergers that took place in Finland and Norway in order to present policy implications for the Korean government considering university merger as an effective policy instrument for restructuring of the Korean higher education system. Based on reviewing the previous literature and related documents, researchers conducted a comparative case study on the context, strategies, and outcomes of the implementation of university merger policies of the two countries. The results of analyses suggested that combination of government's clear direction-setting and enhanced autonomy of merging institutions was essential for successful mergers. Considerations on upgrading the structure of the whole higher education sector to meet new needs of the future society were also suggested.

• The Optical Journal
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• s.173
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• pp.38-44
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• 2019

올해 국내 실물경기는 수출 증가세가 점차 둔화되고, 내수도 소비의 둔화와 투자의 감소 전환 등의 영 향으로 완연한 하락세를 보였다. 내수는 설비투자와 건설투자가 크게 감소하면서 급속한 조정 양상을 보이고 있으며, 소비도 연 2%대 증가율로 떨어지면서 둔화세를 기록하고 있다. 수출은 물량의 증가세가 유지되고 있으나, 단가는 기저효과로 인한 유가상승 폭의 축소 등의 영향으로 상승률이 떨어지면서 증가세가 둔화되었다. 2019년 세계경제는 선진권의 경기둔화와 개도권의 성장률 정체가 예상되는 가운데 하방 리스크 요인으로 인해 제한적 성장이 예상된다. 선진권은 미국경제의 성장률 하락이 예상되는 한편, 일본과 유로권도 전년보다는 약간 낮은 성장률이, 중국은 연 6%대 초반까지 성장률 하락이 예상된다. 국제유가는 글로벌 경기 둔화에 따른 원유의 수요 감소와 미 달러화의 가치 상승 등 금융 요인이 하방 압력으로 작용하나, OPEC의 감산 지속과 지정학적 불안정성이 상승 요인으로 작용하면서 연평균 보합이 예상된다. 환율은 미 달러화의 강세기조가 2019년 상반기까지 이어질 것으로 예상되지만, 하반기에는 유럽 등지의 통화긴축 전환과 미국경기 둔화 등의 영향으로 달러화가 약세로 전환하면서 연평균 기준 소폭 상승할 것으로 기대된다. 2019년 국내경제는 수출과 투자가 글로벌 경기 둔화 등의 영향으로 소폭 증가에 그치고, 소비가 전년대비 둔화세를 보이면서 2018년보다 약간 낮은 2.6%의 성장률이 예상된다. 소비는 실질소득 감소와 고용 부진 등이 예상되고, 대외 불확실성으로 인한 체감경기 약화로 증가세가 둔화되나, 보건 복지 고용의 지출 확대, 유류세 인하 등 정부 정책은 실질구매력 제고에 긍정적 요인으로 작용할 전망이다. 설비투자는 대외 불확실성과 대내 구조적 취약성 등의 영향으로 인해 제한적인 증가세가 예상되며, 건설투자도 정부의 부동산시장 안정화 대책과 SOC예산 감축 등의 영향으로 감소세가 이어질 전망이다. 수출은 세계경기의 성장세 둔화로 인해 수출물량이 소폭 증가에 그치고, 반도체의 가격 하락과 국제유가의 횡보 전망 등으로 수출단가도 하락 압력이 커지면서 2018년 보다 낮은 3.7%의 증가율이 예상된다.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.685-690
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• 2021

In this paper, we propose a deep learning-based transmit power control scheme to maximize the sum-rates while satisfying the minimum data-rate in downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems. In downlink NOMA, we consider the co-channel interference that occurs from a base station other than the cell where the user is located, and the user feeds back the signal-to-interference plus noise power ratio (SINR) information instead of channel state information to reduce system feedback overhead. Therefore, the base station controls transmit power using only SINR information. The use of implicit SINR information has the advantage of decreasing the information dimension, but has disadvantage of reducing the data-rate. In this paper, we resolve this problem with deep learning-based training methods and show that the performance of training can be improved if the dimension of deep learning inputs is effectively reduced. Through simulation, we verify that the proposed deep learning-based power control scheme improves the sum-rate while satisfying the minimum data-rate.

• 한국사회정책
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.69-96
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• 2013

This paper is to critically review the economic reasoning of non-sustainability of welfare state due to its intrinsic incentive problems and to see how the nordic welfare state responds to them. The welfare state as a political design of state to pursue equality has social insurance as its main economic function. It survives market failure of private insurance to contribute to human capital investment and industrial restructuring. The universal tax-financed welfare state, however, has the problem of tragedy of commons such as reduced work incentive and work ethics. But, the existing nordic welfare state overcomes it through employment-focused policy arrangements, maintenance of work ethics and benefits moral, incentive mechanism of wage-compression, public educational investment and its complementation with social security. The Nordic model shows that problems of incentive and moral are not about those of theory and reasoning, but about their reality which policies and institutions could respond to.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.113-119
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• 2004

Exponentiation is widely used in practical applications related with cryptography, and as the discrete log is easily solved in case of a low exponent n, a large exponent n is needed for a more secure system. However. since the time complexity for exponentiation algorithm increases in proportion to the n figure, the development of an exponentiation algorithm that can quickly process the results is becoming a crucial problem. In this paper, we propose a parallel exponentiation algorithm which can reduce the number of rounds with a fixed number of processors, where the field elements are in GF($2^m$), and also analyzed the round bound of the proposed algorithm. The proposed method uses window method which divides the exponent in a particular bit length and make idle processors in window value computation phase to multiply some terms of windows where the values are already computed. By this way. the proposed method has improved round bound.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1512-1518
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• 2021

Since single cell RNA sequencing provides the expression profiles of individual cells, it provides higher cellular differential resolution than traditional bulk RNA sequencing. Using these single cell RNA sequencing data, clustering analysis is generally conducted to find cell types and understand high level biological processes. In order to effectively process the high-dimensional single cell RNA sequencing data fir the clustering analysis, this paper uses a variational autoencoder to transform a high dimensional data space into a lower dimensional latent space, expecting to produce a latent space that can give more accurate clustering results. By clustering the features in the transformed latent space, we compare the performance of various classical clustering methods for single cell RNA sequencing data. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed framework outperforms many state-of-the-art methods under various clustering performance metrics.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.560-566
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of the changes between leisure and social activities, life satisfaction, and happiness of the disabled according to the time before and after COVID-19, and to examine the moderating effect of living alone. For the analysis, the data of 3,773 persons from the employment panel for the disabled were used for the analysis, and as a result of the analysis, it was confirmed that the decrease in leisure and social activities further reinforced the decrease in life satisfaction, and consequently the decrease in happiness also increased. In addition, it was found that the effect of leisure social activities on life satisfaction increases according to living alone. In other words, the decrease in leisure and social activities of the disabled led to a decrease in life satisfaction and decreased happiness. Through these results, although social distancing is important, support such as online gatherings, participation in cultural and artistic activities, and education is necessary as an intervention in reducing leisure and social activities, which can be an important protective factor in the lives of the disabled. Furthermore, it was suggested that screening for mental health and intervention for persons with disabilities living alone are necessary in case management of persons with disabilities.

• Journal of Practical Engineering Education
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.49-59
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• 2022

This study was conducted to develop a teaching competency scales customized for teaching programs conducted by Center for Teaching & Learning at A University. To achieve this purpose, a preliminary study was set up, which consists of three competency groups (basic competency, practice competency, innovation competency) and 26 learning competency factors through a review of previous studies. In order to verify the reliability and validity of the provisional teaching competency scales, an online survey was conducted on A university teachers in September 2020, The collected questionnaire data were organized and exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted. As a result of exploratory factor analysis, 26 teaching competency was reduced to 17. As a result of the confirmatory factor analysis, the model was found to be good, Also, as a result of analyzing the construct reliability and AVE of the confirmed teaching competency factors, all 17 factors showed a good level of .7 or more. The teaching competency scales developed through this study can be used as basic data for performance evaluation and development of new programs of CTL teaching program.