• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.139-140
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• 2002

반 휘발성 유기화합물(Semivolatile organic compounds; 이하 SOCs)은 높은 중기압과 낮은 반응성 때문에 지구 전역에 폭넓게 존재하고 있다. SOCs중 Polychlorinatd Biphenyls(이하 PCBs)는 난분해성 및 친지질성에 특성으로 환경중에서 순환하기 때문에 최근 들어 맡은 관심의 대상이 되고 있다. 이들 대부분은 태초의 환경과 모든 matrix(예, 토양, 식물, 대기, 수계 등)에서 발견되어 지고 있다 이처럼 PCBs는 독성 유발물질로 관리되고 있으며 먹이연쇄를 통해 생농축성(bioaccumulation)을 야기 시킬 수 있다. (중략)

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.202-210
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe depression, caregiving burden and the correlation of the two variables in the families of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and to clarify factors predicting caregiving burden. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted with 139 family members who provided care to patients with ALS. The characteristics of patients and families, Korean-Beck Depression Inventory (K-BDI), Korean version of Zarit Burden Interview (K-ZBI) and Korean-Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale - Revised (K-ALSFRS-R) were used as study measures. Results: The mean score for K-BDI was 19.39 out of 63 suggesting sub-clinical depression and 38.2% of the family members exhibited depression. The mean score for K-ZBI was 66.03 out of 88. The predictors for K-ZBI were K-BDI, age of family member, length of time spent per day in caring, relationship to patient and K-ALSFRS-R. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that levels of depression and caregiving burden are high among family members caring for patients with ALS. As depression is associated with caregiving burden, screening and emotional supports should be provided to reduce the burden of care for these family. Support programs to alleviate the care burden are also needed, considering family demographics, time per day in caring giving and K-ALSFRS-R.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.354-363
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine the relationship between characteristics of severe ALS patient-caregiver couples and health related quality of life (HRQoL) in family caregivers. Methods: The participants in this study were 89 pairs of ALS patients using ventilators and a family caregiver. The characteristics of the ALS patients and caregivers, Korean-Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale-Revised, Zarit Burden Interview and SF-36 were measured in this study. The data were collected from August 2008 to April 2009. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients, and canonical correlation were used for data analysis. Results: The physical component summary and mental component summary of the HRQoL score for family caregivers were $147.49{\pm}31.63$ and $129.09{\pm}35.83$, respectively. HRQoL for caregivers was related to characteristics of the ALS patient-caregiver couples, such as patient's gender, caregiver's age, gender, marital status, daily time spent in caregiving and burden with one significant canonical variable. The significant variate showed that the lower the age, the time spent in caregiving and the burden of caregivers, the higher the HRQoL of caregivers. Conclusion: The support systems for caregivers considering caregiver characteristics such as demographics and burden should be implemented to improve the HRQoL of caregivers.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.91-111
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to analyze paejang system of the castle constructions In the late period of Chosun dynasty. Moreover, this study aimed to examine effects and influences of its constructional productivity. The results are as follow; 1. Paejang was originally a sort of military positions. Thereafter it had been adopted to the various fields like soonrapaes. Pae, which was a regular working unit organized with $30{\sim}50$ laborers, took charge of the works allocated with its own chargeable section. 2. The first adoption of paejang system was found at the construction of Ganghwa-oyseong in 1690. Since the period of King Yeongjo and Jeongjo, it was generally used as a working system. 3. Yoo Hyeongwon had early suggested that this system should be adopted as a reformative system because it had a perfect command system like Soko-je, the provincial military system. 4. At the constructions of Dongnae-upseong, Jeonjoo-upseong and Daegoo-upseong in the period of King Yeongjo, paes were organized to $40{\sim}60$units, and worked in the fields of masonry, carnage and picking of stones. 5. At the construction of Soowon-seong in the period of King Jeongjo, a large number of various paejangs participated in all of working fields. Especially masonry-paes were usually organized with over 100 units. 6. It was estimated that paejang system surely could guarantee saving labors and term of works. Moreover, it was a basis for the further development form of dogup-je, a contracted work system. 7. Paejang system was applied in the constructions of Buddhist temples since the middle period of 1700s and later, it was widely used in the constructions of palaces.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.353-360
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• 2017

The preservation treatment for the outer rampart of Namhansanseong fortress is needed due to partial collapse and separation of stone materials. In this study, we investigated the petrological features of the stone materials used for the outer rampart and estimated their provenances through the geologic survey. Through the above study, the suitable replacement stone in the maintenance of outer rampart were suggested. The stone materials of the above outer rampart consist of the banded gneiss, augen gneiss, granitic gneiss and porphyroblastic gneiss. Among these four kinds of rocks, granitic gneiss is quantitatively the most abundant. Petrological comparisons between stone materials and rocks distributed around the fortress, lead to the conclusion that the above materials are likely to have been delivered from around the fortress. Judging from the results of the comparison on frequency of use and strength characteristics among the above rocks, the granitic gneiss is considered to be suitable for restoration of the outer rampart of the fortress.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.604-615
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• 2009

The independent groups, which were scattered all over the Korean Peninsula in the bronze age, may be called 'walled-town states' rather than 'chiefdoms'. Gi-Back Lee, a famous Korean historian, argued that 'the walled-town state' rulers kept themselves safe by staying inside a mud-walled or wood-walled castle on a hilltop and they governed the farmers living in the surrounding plains. Among the twenty-one castle sites found in Jinju region, five are believed to be 'walled-town state' sites. Inside the castle are found no well sites. The average altitude of the five castles is 189.4m and the average length of their circumferences is 250m. Archeological excavation research on the castle sites is expected for more scientific conclusion on the 'walled-town states'.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.62-72
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate QOL and the factors related to family caregivers who care for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) patients. Methods: The subjects were 83 family caregivers caring for ALS patients who visited the neurology outpatient section of a tertiary hospital located in Seoul between January and July of 2008. Their demographic characteristics were assessed and data were collected using the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis functional rating scale (ALSFRS), the caregiver burden inventory (CBI), HADS, and SF-36. Results: The mean score of the physical health component (PHC) of the family caregiver's QOL was $62.6{\pm}24.4$, and the mean score of the mental health component (MHC) of their QOL was $57.7{\pm}22.4$. The mean score of caregiver burden was $76.5{\pm}30.7$. Anxious family caregivers amounted to 55.4% and depressed family caregivers accounted for 63.9% overall. In a multivariate analysis, the PHC of QOL was explained by caregiver burden (41.1%), depression (9.4%), caregiver gender (3.8%), and caregiver age (3.1%). Anxiety (39.8%), caregiver burden (10.9%), patient gender (5.4%) and depression (1.7%) were predictive factors of the MHC of QOL. Conclusion: Caregiver burden and depression affected both the PHC and the MHC. Caregiver burden affected the PHC more than it did the MHC of QOL, but anxiety affected the MHC more than it did the PHC of QOL.

• The Journal of the Society of Stroke on Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.89-102
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• 2015

■ Objectives This study aimed to investigate the domestic research trend about Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis(ALS) treated with Traditional Korean Medicine(TKM). ■ Methods Searches of two major TKM databases were conducted for articles published up to July 2015. Searching keyword was "Lou Gehrig's disease" OR "amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". Studies dealt TKM for ALS were included. ■ Results 18 studies were met our inclusion criteria(two prospective studies, one retrospective study, one follow-up study, 14 case reports). Complex TKM intervention of herbal medication, acupuncture and pharmacopuncture was the most frequently used treatment. Individually, herbal medication was the most frequent followed by acupuncture. Short-term assessment showed improvement in ALS symptoms but long-term assessment showed progression of disease. Accessory symptoms including depression, anxiety and insomnia were improved in four studies. ■ Conclusion For more definite evidence, larger studies with long-term follow-up period are needed. Moreover, benefits that TKM can provide for ALS patients as a part of multi-disciplinary approach should be studied in depth.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.250-259
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• 2018

We investigated the petrological features of the stone materials used in the Jeolla Usuyeong rampart and estimated their provenance through the geological survey. The Jeolla Usuyeong was designated as a historic site (No. 535) on 2016. Since the remaining rampart is less than 15%, it is necessary to make conservation on it. In this study, we discriminated the stone materials used for the rampart according to their petrographic characteristics and estimated the volume proportion of each stone by the rock type. Also, we measured the whole-rock magnetic susceptibility. The petrographic features of the stones in the rampart were compared with those in the vicinity by their mineral composition and texture. The stone materials of the rampart mainly consist of the tuff, lapilli tuff, and lapilli stone. Among these three kinds of rocks, lapilli tuff is quantitatively the most abundant (60.3%), the next is tuff (34.7%), and lapilli stone (2.5%) shows the least amount. The whole-rock magnetic susceptibility of the tuffaceous rocks can be divided by the value of $1.0{\times}10^{-3}$ SI unit. Also, the compressive strength of tuff exhibits about 156 MPa, which is adequate to reuse for the repairing work. Petrological comparisons between stone materials and outcrop rocks distributed around the Hwawon peninsula leads to a conclusion that the stone materials of the rampart are likely to have been delivered from the Dongoeri and Sindeok-ri. Judging from the results of the comparison on the frequency of use and physical properties among the tuffaceous rocks, tuff is considered to suitable for restoring the rampart.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.12-24
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of the water system on the location, spatial structure, and construction method of Hongju-eupseong, centering on Hongjumok-eupchi. During the Joseon Dynasty, the water system in Hongjumok-eupchi is composed of artificially constructed Seong-an Runnel and ponds based on a branch-shaped natural waterways flowing from south to north and west to east. Compiling the results of various literature records, excavations and analysis of map data, it can be seen that the water system has an important influence on the construction of Hongju-seong. Firstly, Hongju-seong from the Goryeo Dynasty to the late Joseon Dynasty is located using a circular shape of topographical structure and a small erosion basin formed on the inner side of the Hongseongcheon and Wolgyecheon streams without significant change in location. In particular, Wolgyecheon and Hongseongcheon are natural moats, which are harmonized with Sohyangcheon and riverside topographical structures, affecting the location and construction method of Hongju-seong, water related facilities, and the spatial structure of eupseong. It is understood that location characteristic of Hongju-seong reflects the urban location structure harmonized with waterways in ancient China and Korea. Secondly in harmony with the water system and topographic structure of Hongju-seong, it is an important factor in deciding the land use of the town, the arrangement of the town hall facilities and inducing various non-subsidiary measures such as the establishment of embankment forest with a secret function and the closure of the south gate. In addition, artificial drainage facilities such as Seongan runnel and ponds are being actively introduced from early on to protect the walls or towns from flooding of Wolgyecheon. Especially there were typical methods for protecting the walls from water damage such as the Joseon Dynasty stone castle structure that was integrated with saturn(soil wall) in the Goryeo Dynasty, retreating wall in the northern gate area in the late Joseon Dynasty, and the method of constructing wall using korean tile and stone floors between reinforced soil layers in the western and northern wall.