• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.91-105
• /
• 2005

The assessment (or the evaluation) of spatial disparity is the main concern for the study of spatial disparities or spatial inequalities. In order to evaluate the spatial disparity, the regional differences have to be counted quantitatively. Several measurements have been introduced for evaluating the development potentials of each region. Most of them are the composite indices of the socio-economic variables rather than the real potentials of the region. This study attempts to investigate the spatial disparity in Korea. For the purpose, the levels of opportunity potentials of the cities have been calculated by the Potential Model redefined by Lee(1995). The opportunity potentials have been calculated for the educational, cultural, medical service, environmental sectors, income, and consumption sectors, and the spatial patterns of various opportunity potentials have been analyzed. The spatial patterns of opportunity potentials show the severe concentration on the Metropolitan Seoul area through all sectors. The next level concentration appears at the other end of the Keuyng-Bu axis. And the cities relatively high opportunity potential values are distributed along the Keuyng-Bu axis. Remain parts of the country show quietly low opportunity potential values. In particular, the southern-west and the northern-east parts show relatively very low values. This pattern appears for all sectors except for the opportunity potential of the environmental sector. It means that the spatial disparity in Korea have been promoted and enhanced by the national development policies concentrated the investment on the large cities along the Keuyng-Bu axis during the last 40 years.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.105-112
• /
• 1996

Physicochemical properties of Youngia sonchifolia were compared according to harvesting time and brine methods for its Kimchi preparation. Moisture contents in the roots and the leaves of Y. sonchifolia grown for 5 weeks was more than those grown for 11 weeks. 5-week-grown Y. sonchifolia contained more total free sugar than 11-week-grown ones, and among total free sugar the content of fructose was the most, and the contents of glucose and sucrose were rather high. The roots of 11-week-grown Youngia sonchifolia were harder than those of 5-week grown ones. When the roots were soaked in NaCl solution, the hardness decreased with time. Salt concentration of the Kimchi of Y. sonchifolia increased by the brined material of the Kimchi with soaking time.Salt concentration of the Kimchi was higher in the leaves than in the roots.The roots and leaves of Y.sonchifolia grown for 11 weeks contained organic acids such as malic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid,lactic acid, and citric acid,among which major organic acids were malic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, whereas lactic acid and citric acid were minor organic acids.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.49 no.3
• /
• pp.329-340
• /
• 2007

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of fermented wild-ginseng culture by-product on growth performance, blood characteristics, meat quality and ginsenoside concentration of meat in finishing pigs. Forty-eight pigs(Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc, 76.26±1.06kg average initial body weight) were used in 49d growth assay. Dietary treatments were included 1) CON(basal diet), 2) FWG1(basal diet+2.5% fermented wild-ginseng cultures by-product) and 3) FWG2(basal diet+5.0% fermented wild-ginseng cultures by-product). The pigs were allotted into four pigs per pen with four replicate pens per treatment by completely randomized design. No differences were found among treatments for ADG, ADFI and gain/feed from 0day to 49day of the experiment(P>0.05). Dry matter digestibility was greater in FWG1 treatment than CON treatment(P<0.05). In cholesterol concentration of blood, HDL cholesterol was significantly higher in CON treatment than FWG1 treatment(P<0.05). In meat quality, TBARS was significantly lower in FWG1 and FWG2 treatments than CON treatment(P<0.05). In sensory evaluation, Marbling was significantly higher in CON treatment than FWG1 treatment(P<0.05). Firmness in FWG2 and CON treatments was higher than FWG1 treatment(P<0.05). In meat color, L*-value of longissmus dorsi muscle was increased in FWG1 treatment compared to CON and FWG2 treatments(P<0.05). a* and b*-value of longissmus dorsi muscle were increased in CON and FWG1 treatments compared to FWG2 treatment (P<0.05). Ginsenoside concentration of meat was significantly higher in FWG2 treatment than CON treatment(P<0.05). In conclusion, fermented wild-ginseng culture by-product was effective for improving dry matter, TBARS, firmness, meat color and ginsenoside concentration of meat in finishing pigs.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.30 no.6
• /
• pp.421-427
• /
• 2013

There are many intramuscularly injectable drugs commonly used for anesthesia in dogs and combination of drugs were used for decrease the side effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of butorphanol-tiletamine-zolazepam-medetomidine and tramadol-tiletamine-zolazepam-medetomidine in dogs. Ten healthy beagle dogs (intact male; mean body weight : $9.5{\pm}1.60$ kg) were used in the study. Experimental animals were divided into two groups (n=5, each) and received 0.2 mg/kg of butorphanol (BZM) and 2 mg/kg of tramadol (TZM) according to the group after injection of $Zoletil^{(R)}$ (5 mg/kg) and medetomidine (10 ug/kg). All drugs were administered intramuscularly. Anesthesia and recovery, sedation and analgesia score, cardiovascular and respiratory parameters were measured. Induction and recovery time were not significantly different between the groups. Anesthesia time was $117.4{\pm}25.64$ minute and $81.2{\pm}12.50$ minute in BZM and TZM groups, respectively. Sedation and analgesia were satisfied in both groups. In both groups, common side effects related to the medetomidine, significant bradycardia and hypertension were not observed. There were no significant changes in respiratory data. In conclusion, tiletamine-zolazepam-medetomidine in combination with either butorphanol or tramadol can be suitable anesthetic protocol for minor procedures in dogs. They produced adequate anesthesia characterized by rapid induction, adequate analgesia and muscle relaxation without remarkable side effects.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.13 no.11
• /
• pp.5271-5283
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study was to provide fundamental materials for improving school health promotion programs by investigating the relationships between the change in obesity rate and risk factors of metabolic syndrome among middle school students in Ulsan. We analyzed the routine health check-up data in 58,298 2nd-year middle school students in Ulsan, which conducted by the Planned Population Federation of Korea from 2007 to 2011. The overall and girls obesity rates gradually decreased throughout the first four years but increased again in 2011. The boys obesity rates were highest in 2008 and lowest in 2010. Throughout the research years, the incidence rates of over-weight and obesity were statistically significantly higher in boys compared to girls(P<0.05). Prevalence rates of the metabolic syndrome, assessed with the modified Cook criteria except high blood pressure, were 0.58%, 0%, 0.01%, 0.31% and 4.53%, respectively in total, low, normal, over-weight, and obese groups. It indicates that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increasing and directly related to the obesity rate among adolescents. Hypertriglyceridemia was the most common component (36.58%) of the metabolic syndrome among the middles school students followed by low HDL cholesterol (6.47%), abdominal obesity (3.72%), and high blood sugar (0.47%). Prevalence of the various components of the metabolic syndrome were significantly higher in the obese group compared to other groups. In this study we observed the decrease in obesity rates between 2007 and 2010, and developing obesity prevention programs is essential in order to maintain the trend. Additional study should be necessary to find the cause of increase of obesity rate in 2011 and so to create more effective school health promotion programmes.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.48 no.4
• /
• pp.299-309
• /
• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of black soybean (CJ-3) testa extracts on lipid profiles in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Methods: One control group and four STZ-induced diabetic groups with different doses of black soybean (CJ-3) testa extracts treatment [0 mg/kg (diabetic control, EX), 250 mg/kg (EX-250), 500 mg/kg (EX-500), 1,000 mg/kg (EX-1000)] were orally administered for 4 weeks. Results: All CJ-3 treatment groups had remarkably lower serum triglyceride (TG) levels than that of EX group (p < 0.05) whereas hepatic TG contents did not show any differences. Results from serum total cholesterol (TC) concentrations of EX-250 and EX-1000 groups were decreased compared to EX group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, protein levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-Coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase from the liver decreased in all treatment groups (p < 0.05). However, significant differences were not observed in serum glucose and insulin, and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT-4) protein expression in skeletal muscle tissue. Conclusion: These results suggest that black soybean testa extracts could be useful for improvement of hyperlipidemia and hypercholesteremia in diabetes.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.143-150
• /
• 1998

In order to evaluate the nitrogen (N) balance, from the different application methods and levels of $^{15}N$ applied to a satsuma mandarin orchard soils in spring, we surface-applied N as urea at the rates of 50 (water-dissolved), 100 (solid and water-dissolved) and 150% (solid) of the recommended rate ($180kg\;ha^{-1}$) in spring (lebeled N), summer (nonlebeled N) with application ratio of 5:2:3. Fruit yield and quality were not significantly affected by any treatment. Nitrogen contents of spring flush leaves in late August were 3.0% regardless of the treatments. The N recovery by parts of tree itself was in the order of leaves, fruits, roots, stems, and the highest recovery per tree was 22.3% in the 50% recommended water-dissolved surface broadcast while there were not much differences for N recovery (11.9 to 13.6%) among the other three treatments. Total N content in top 30cm of soils was 0.47% regardless of the treatments, but N proportion and total residual N from the fertilizer applied increased with increasing N rate while the N recovery in soils decreased. For the recommended N rate, N proportion and the residual N from the fertilizer applied were greater in the water-dissolved surface broadcast than those in soils surface broadcast. The highest total (tree + soils) N recovery was 70.9% in the 50% recommended water-dissolved surface broadcast, but tended to decrease to 52.2, 46.6, and 43.2% for the recommended water-dissolved surface broadcast, 100 and 150% of the recommended solid surface broadcast, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
• /
• 2006.11a
• /
• pp.145-148
• /
• 2006

This study aimed at preventing women from suffering from health problems and stress due to excessive lookism and encouraging them to participate in sports activities to form desirable body image and eventually to live a healthy and sound life. To achieve this goal, this study formed a population with members of sports centers located in Seoul and Daejeon areas as of 2006 and made a sample of 450 participants in physical exercise at a sports center through stratified cluster random sampling and that of 450 non-participants through a survey with mothers and sisters of those students from elementary and secondary schools within the areas for sampling the participants' group, thereby analyzing the data on a total of 900 persons. A questionnaire was used as a tool to collect data; a reliability test presented weight-, health-, and figure-related factors as a=.807, a=.819, and a=.784, respectively. This study used such statistical analysis methods as t-test, One-way ANOVA, and the Analysis of Covariance to analyze data. This study produced the following conclusions through these research methods and procedure. Pticipation in physical exercise has a positive effect on body image. Pticipation in physical exercise at a sports center show higher satisfaction with body image than non-participats.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.97-104
• /
• 2007

This study was carried out to develop the modified cyclone dust collector in windowless broiler building measuring 12 m wide, 46 m long, with a side wall height of 3 m and a capacity of 12,800 birds. Ventilation rate in windowless broiler building was $0.014{\sim}0.015\;and\;0.158{\sim}0.181cmm$ in second weeks and fifth weeks of age, respectively. Ammonia concentration was $13{\sim}16\;and\;20{\sim}24\;ppm$ in first and second weeks of age, respectively. Amount of dust collected in dust collector each week was 104.1, 274.7 and 388.6g in first, second and third weeks of age. But it was decreased from fourth weeks of age because of the increased ventilation rate. Total suspended particulate(TSP) of polluted air was $3,111.7{\sim}8,745.2{\mu}g/m^3$, but it was decreased to $530.8{\sim}2,264.4{\mu}g/m^3$ when it passed through the dust collector. Collecting efficiency was $54.2{\sim}82.9%$ in TSP. But collecting efficiency of Particulate matter smaller than $1{\mu}g$ (PM1.0) was $7.6{\sim}33.8%$, and lower than TSP. TSP concentration in control broiler house was 1,387.6 and $4,210.1{\mu}g/m^3$ in first and fourth weeks of age, respectively. But it was decreased to 876.3 and $2,535.3{\mu}g/m^3$ in broiler house operated dust collector in first and fourth weeks of age, respectively. Dust collecting efficiency for TSP was $36.8{\sim}39.8%$, and it was decreased to $11.4{\sim}39.8%$ in smaller dust size.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.296-302
• /
• 2002

This study was designed to investigate the effects of a butanol extract of pine needles (Pinus densiflora Sieb et Zucc) on lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in rats. Twenty-eight male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into four groups over a 45 days study period: the control group on a basic diet, and three experimental groups on three different dietary levels of the butanol fraction, specifically 25 mg (BuOH-25), 50 mg (BuOH-50), and 100 mg (BuOH-100) butanol fraction/kg body weight/day, thereby 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.1% of butanol extract of pine needles was added to basic diet respectively. At the end of the experimental period, body weights and food intakes were food intakes were not different among the four groups. Total and LDL-cholesterol levels were markedly decreased in the BuOH-25, BuOH-50, and BuOH-100 groups, respectively, as follows: 12.8%, 19.1% and 21.6% reductions in total cholesterol; and 10.2%, 15.6% and 23.7% reductions in LDL-cholesterol. However, HDL-cholesterol levels were significantly increased (by approximately 20%) in the serum of the BuOH-100 group only, compared with the control and other experimental groups. Atherogenic indices were also markedly decreased in the three experimental groups, by 24.8%, 30.4% and 36.2%, for each of the BuOH-25, BuOH-50, and BuOH-100 groups, respectively, compared with the control group. The levels of the hydroxyl radical (·OH) and of lipid peroxide (LPO) in the serum of the three experimental groups were significantly reduced, by 9.8%, 19.7% and 21.2%; and by 13.3%, 13.3% and 16.7%, for the BuOH-25, BuOH-50, and BuOH-100 groups, respectively Significant increases in serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) were observed in the BuOH-50 and BuOH-100 groups; specifically, 12.1% in the BuOH-50 group and 23.3% in the BuOH-100 group, compared with the control group. Significant increases in catalase (CAT) avtivities, of 24.7% in the BuOH-50 group and 29.2% in the BuOH-100 group, were also observed, compared to the control group. These results suggest that a butanol extract of pine needles could inhibit chronic degenerative disease through improving lipid metabolism, and could also effectively modulate the aging process attenuating oxidative stress.