• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.12
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• pp.826-835
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• 2009

This study is to examine the relation between leisure constraints and participation by leisure type of security agents. By using purposive sampling method, this study collected 387 questionnaires in 14 private security service registered in 2009 at the Seoul National Police Agency. Cronbach's $\alpha$ .673. The conclusion are as follow. First, leisure constraints difference in socio-demographic characteristics such as sex, age, education level, income, position, job pattern. Second, in case of hobby and cultural activities, higher time constraints showed lesser frequency of participation, higher structural constraints showed lesser period of participation, higher personal constraints showed lesser intensity of participation. On the other hand, high time constraitns had high intensity of participation. In case of play and entertainment activities, even with high self-conscious constraints, it showed increased frequency and period of participation and high personal constraints showed increased period of participation but in contrast, higher structural constraints showed decreased frequency of participation and period. In case of viewing and appreciative activities, even with high interpersonal constraints, frequency and period of participation increased and higher time constraints also had increased period of participation. On the other hand, higher structural constraints showed decrease in frequency of participation and period.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.461-471
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• 2017

Population genetic studies of 10 groups of Iksookimia pacifica were conducted to investigate the genetic diversity and population genetic structure across its known range in South Korea. Population DNA sequences of one mitochondrial gene (mtCOI) and three nuclear genes (IRBP, EGR2B, RAG1) were examined in samples collected from ten streams that flow into the East Sea. Both mitochondrial and nuclear sequences exhibited significant differentiation among populations except a few cases. The Bayesian analysis of the multi-locus genotypes inferred from the DNA sequences of nuclear genes clustered the individual fish largely into two geographical groups: a northern group (from Baebong stream to Cheonjin stream) and a southern group (Yangyangnamdae stream to Gangneungnamdae stream). Given that the streams flowing into the East Sea are geographically isolated water systems, such separation of genotypes can be interpreted by the geographical separation of common ancestors into north and south that had colonized South Korea. Since the initial geographical separation of the ancestral population by north and south, the ancestral groups seem to have experienced further differentiation into the current genetic clusters through the physical isolation of streams by the East Sea in each region. It is notable that many individuals in the Jasan stream formed a genetic cluster with those of Yangyangnamdae and Gangneungnamdae streams which are distant from each other. In addition, mitochondrial gene showed low genetic differentiation between some neighboring populations and very low level of genetic diversity in several populations. The present population genetic study will provide valuable information for the conservation and management of the Korean endemic fish species, I. paicifica.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.7 s.87
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• pp.882-888
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• 2007

Enzyme electrophoresis was used to estimate genetic diversity and population genetic structure of Pseudobagrus fulvidraco in Korea. Nine of the 14 loci (64.3%) showed detectable polymorphism. Genetic diversity at the population and species levels were 0.286 and 0.277, respectively. Analysis of fixation indices, calculated for all polymorphic loci in each population, showed a substantial deficit of hetero-zygotes relative to Hardy-Weinberg expectations. This deficit is expected that it is due to a limited effective number of individuals per population. The average $G_{ST}$ for polymorphic loci was 0.064, indicating that most (93.6%) of the genetic diversity occurred within populations. The indirect estimate of gene flow based on mean $G_{ST}$ was 3.67. Given limited gene flow is expected to diverge genetically due to drift and reduced populations. Most populations in our study experience annual, severe demo-graphic bottlenecks due to drought and floods.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Studies
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.119-152
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• 1994

본 연구는 한국기업들이 기업자산을 제 3자 혹은 신설기업으로 탈퇴시키므로써, 즉 자산, 제품생산라인, 자회사, 사업부 등을 현금, 증권 등으로 교환하므로써 발생된사건, 특히 자산중 영업일부를 양도한 기업에 있어 주가수익율의 영향을 분석하고자 한다. 분석결과 영업일부를 양도한 기업들은 (+)의 평균초과수익율을 얻는 것으로 나타났다. 이것은 한국증권시장에서 영업(營業) 일부양도(一部讓渡)가 양도기업 株主(주주)의 부(富), 즉 주식(株式)의 시장가치에 정(+)의 영향을 미친다는 것을 의미한다. 그리고 영업 일부양도 후 후속 재무구조 개선집단과 악화 집단간의 시장반응에 있어 악화집단이 오히려 더 큰 정(+)의 시장반응을 보이며 유의적인 큰 차이가 존재했으며, 또한 후속 EPS 증가집단과 EPS 감소집단에 있어서 후속 EPS 증가기업이 더 큰 정(+)의 시장반응을 보이며 유의적인 차이가 존재했다. 이러한 사실로 미루어 볼때 영업(營業) 일부양도(一部讓渡)는 투자자들에 의해 재무구조개선 및 비수익성 영업일부의 양도를 통한 기업수익성(企業收益性)의 증대라는 관점에서 크게 받아들여 지고 있다는 것을 암시해 준다.

• Journal of Korea Fair Competition Federation
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• no.91
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• pp.2-7
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• 2003

새 정부가 국정비전과 국정과제의 하나로 추진하고 있는 $\lceil$공정과 투명$\rfloor$, $\lceil$자유롭고 공정한 시장질서 확립$\rfloor$은 곧 지배구조의 개선을 의미하는 것이다. 그리고 기업 지배구조의 개념 및 목표는 기업 내$\cdot$외부 이해관계자들의 견제와 균형을 통해 기업의 시장가치와 경쟁력을 높이는 것이라는 점에서 지배구조를 개선해 나가기 위한 모든 시장참여자들의 노력이 필수적이다. 특히 대기업집단의 지배구조는 시장에 미치는 영향력이 매우 크기 때문에 훨씬 더 투명해야 하고 바람직한 모델이 필요하게 되는 것이다. 그러나 제도의 완비보다 더욱 중요한 것은 그 제도를 운용하는 정부와 제도의 적용대상이 되는 기업의 의식의 변화라고 생각한다.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.475-483
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• 2012

Tribolodon hakonensis(Cypriniformes; Leuciscinae) is anadromous; they are born in freshwater, migrate back to the ocean, then return to their home stream for spawning from mid-March to early-June. Here, five microsatellites were used to assess the level of gene flow among T. hakonensis populations from the Samcheok-Oship Stream, South Korea. The frequencies of dominant alleles across several loci differed between down-and upstream populations divided by several weirs, and pairwise multilocus $F_{ST}$ estimate was significantly high(0.083). However, there were no signs of any loss of genetic variation in the upstream population. Assignment tests of individuals in admixture model(K=2) to a set of baseline samples showed fairly correct assignment to each cluster; all of upstream individuals sere included in the first cluster, while the majority of downstream individuals(65%) comprise the second cluster. These results indicate reduced gene flow between up- and downstream populations but allowing passive downstream drift. It is likely that man-made structures might at least partially be a factor for creating and consolidating the current distribution patterns of genetic variation among T. hakonensis populations in the Samcheok-Oship Stream. This information will assist governing agencies in making informed decisions regarding conservation of anadromous fishes in Korean drainage systems.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.107-119
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• 2002

Early spermatocytes of U. unicinctus are found in cluster floating in the coelomic fluid. The spermatocytes in a cluster form a syncytium or cytoplasmic mass, but there are no indications that the cytoplasmic mass is a component of a somatic cell. This work suggested that this type of spermatogenesis can be subordinated to solitary spermatogenesis in the sense excluding structural and functional support of a somatic cell for sperm developments. The solitary spermatogenesis in U. unicinctus is different in appearances and developmental details of sperm organelles and stage distributions from that of localized spermatogenesis. The acrosomal rudiments and centrioles can be observed in the early single cells of spermatogonia and clearly disclosed in the primary spermatocyte. In the stage of secondary spermatocyte, the acrosomal precursor and the centrioles begin to move to each cytoplasmic poles. The polarities of the organelles are attained at stage of spermatids. The spermatocytes and spermatids are arranged circumferentially along the cytoplasmic mass in which some amorphological cytoplasmic components are included. The spermatids reveal to be detached from the cytoplasmic mass into coelomic fluid. It suggests that the spermatogenesis are progressed in support of coelomic fluid, and the fact take into consideration that the spermatogenic cells can be in vitro cultured without somatic cells and with supplements of coelomic fluid.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.33-78
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• 2008

This paper empirically examines whether firms engage in a dynamic adjustment process toward target capital structure and, whether there is a target capital structure or mean reverting using the partial adjustment model while allowing for costly adjustment. Also we investigate the empirical determinants of optimal target capital structure in long term equilibrium. As a result, our empirical model captures at least several important features of capital structure behavior for Korean listed firms. First, Korean firms pursue target capital structure and also there is mean reverting phenomenon. Second, Non-Chaebol and small firm in adjustment speed is faster than Chaebol and large firm. Third, even capital market restricts the adjustment speed interestingly. Fourth, Korean firms have target behavior according to a degree of observed gap. Fifth, Korean firms close about one-fourth of the gap between their actual and target debt ratios within one year and thence targeting behavior explains far more of the observed changes in capital structure than market timing or pecking order considerations. Sixth, capital market is significant in determining optimal capital structure.

• ANNALS OF ANIMAL RESOURCE SCIENCES
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.142-149
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• 2018

In this study, 844 Hanwoo proven bulls in South Korea (called KPN) were classified into 8 groups based on their birth year. Microsatellite (MS) marker information for paternity identification of each individual is provided at the homepage of the National Agricultural Cooperation Federation, Korea (NACF) and is mainly for the analysis of genetic diversity and structural changes. The polymorphism analysis of KPN whole groups revealed the average number of alleles in each marker (number of alleles), the expected heterozygosity ($H_{ex}$), the observed heterozygosity ($H_{ob}$), the polymorphism information content (PIC) and the $F_{is}$ mean as 10.54, 0.764, 0.773, 0.727 and -0.014, respectively. For group D, with the birth year 2004-2005, the $H_{ex}$ and $H_{ob}$ were 0.777 and 0.792 respectively and the PIC was 0.740. The $H_{ex}$ of group C and D, with birth years 2003-2004 and 2007-2008, respectively, were greater than $H_{ob}$. In all the other groups, $H_{ob}$ was greater than $H_{ex}$. Genetic composition and structure were analyzed using STRUCTURE software. According to the analyzed results, the generation of Hanwoo groups showed changes in specific genetic components according to the flow. It was confirmed that the continuous improvement in the Hanwoo affects the genetic structure of the proven bulls group. The results of this study are expected to be used for enhancing the efficiency of Hanwoo improvement project.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.728-735
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• 2013

Plantago asiatica (Plantaginaceae) is a wind-pollinated plant that grows mainly on fields in East Asia. Starch gel electrophoresis was used to investigate the allozyme diversity and population structure of 18 populations of this species. Although the plantain populations were isolated and patchily distributed, they maintained a high level of genetic diversity; the average percentage of polymorphic loci was 57.1%, the mean number of alleles per locus was 2.07, and the average heterozygosity for 18 populations was 0.201. The combination of a predominant wind-pollinated, mix-mating reproduction, large population sizes, high gene flow between subpopulations, and a propensity for high fecundity may explain the high level of genetic diversity within populations. A direct gradient in overall genetic diversity is associated with latitude. Genetic diversity of P. asiatica is markedly decreased from $35^{\circ}3^{\prime}$ to high latitude and decreased from $35^{\circ}3^{\prime}N$ to low latitude, whereas there does not show a longitudinal gradient in genetic diversity.