• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.93-102
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• 2018

A sprayable waterproofing membrane which is composed of polymer-based material is relatively easy to install due to its construction method comparing with sheet-type membranes. And a sprayable waterproofing membrane has very similar material composition to the TSL which is for a permanent support. In this study, material composition of the sprayable waterproofing membrane was changed to enhance structural properties of membrane while maintaining waterproofing performance. In order to compare with a previous research for the TSL, series of tests were performed according to the performance criteria used for permanent support material (TSL) by EFNARC (2008). From the test result, the structural performance of the sprayable waterproofing membrane considered in this study showed a performance that could be used as a permanent support material.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.47-54
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• 2011

This study has analysed overbreaks, shotcrete rebound and the ratio between the actual quantity of shotcrete sprayed compared to designed quantity measured during a NATM tunnel construction. Based on the measurements of size of the excavated tunnel faces, an average overbreak was about 28.5 cm, which is about 260% of allowable overbreak. The measured shotcrete rebound was about 7.2% in average which is about half the allowable rebound(15%). In addition, due to overbreaks and rebound the actual quantity of shotcrete used in the tunnelling work was about 116.5 % of the designed value. It has been found from the field measurements that the quantity of shotcrete showed some relation with rock mass rating(RMR) and the standard guideline of tunnel supports, but the size of overbreak showed less correlation with RMR and the standard guideline of tunnel supports. Hence, the current tunnel design specifications stating the size of overbreak based entirely on the standard guideline for tunnel supports should perhaps be reestablished. The insight into the design guideline regarding overbreak and actual quantity of shotcrete will be reported and discussed.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.428-439
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• 2021

A spray-on membrane is a material composed of a polymer, and is a spray-type material that is expected to be able to replace materials such as existing shotcrete or sheet membrane for support or waterproofing purposes. In the previous studies, it is expected that the thickness of the support material such as shotcrete can be reduced if the spray-on membrane is additionally installed on the existing cement-based support materials. In this study, a three-point bending test was performed by a spray-on membrane on the high-performance shotcrete on the outside, and comparison was made between the case where high-performance shotcrete and a spray-on membrane were installed. As a result of comparing the values calculated through the standard test and the real-size bending test, there was no significant difference in terms of flexural strength, but it was found that there was a difference in flexural toughness.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.19-28
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• 2006

Long-term field observations were performed in three excavation sites in order to investigate the displacement behavior of adjacent ground during overall excavation procedure, where the depths of deep excavations were 15 m$\∼$29 m. In this study, ground settlements and lateral displacements of braced wall measured during installation of retaining wall and removal of bracing were specially focused to evaluate the behavior quantitatively according to three-stage-divided procedure, i.e. pre-excavation, main excavation, and removal of bracing. Through field measurements on three excavation sites, lateral displacements induced during removal of bracing are approximate to 40$\%$ of the amount found during main excavation stage and additional adjacent ground deformation during post-excavation procedure ranges from 18$\%$ to 33$\%$ of that found during main excavation stage, based on the settlement volume. In conclusion, it was quantitatively identified in this study that the deformations of adjacent ground during pre- and post-excavation stage were not negligible.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.201-213
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• 2010

Recently, plans of tunnel and construction have increased. Unfortunately, the more we have tunnels, the more we have accidents in there. Because an accident or a fire in the tunnel is fatal to user safety, social concerns are focusing on the disaster prevention facilities. Cross passage tunnel is regarded as one of the useful disaster prevention facilities, which is increasing, while there were only few studies about the support system. This study tried to verify whether the support system is appropriate or not with empirical methods-theoretical methods and back analysis using measurement data. Additionally, we also looked into the range of reinforcement in accordance with strength/stress ratio of rock mass.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.413-420
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• 2024

When planning gripper TBM, which is highly applicable to urban areas, the excavation characteristics are not considered. In addition the excavation stability and constructability are degraded by installing reinforcements in the adjacent construction site considering the relaxation load theory of the pre-existing NATM. In this study, a rationalization plan for the support was proposed considering the excavation characteristics of gripper TBM when planning reinforcements for adjacent pre-existing construction. The effect of excavation on the surrounding ground was analyzed by conducting three-dimensional stability analyses considering the construction stage for each excavation phase. In NATM, relaxation phenomenon is concentrated in tunnel face due to non-supporting time occurring simultaneously with excavation, but gripper TBM supports the ground around the tunnel face through the cutter head and skin plate, simultaneously causing ground relaxation behind the skin plate. Considering these excavation characteristics, problems in reinforcement planning for adjacent construction at the study site were pointed out. A performance improvement plan for a reasonable supporting system was proposed.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.215-230
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• 1993

In-situ rock mass demonstrates the variety of structural features, and especially the mechanical and spatial characteristics of joint (or joint system) greatly affect the deformation and fallure strength of the rock mass. In this study finite element model capable of analyzing the viscoplastic behavior of reinforced jointed rock mass has been developed based on equivalent material approach. Accuracy and reliability of the numerical model have verified by simuiating the behavior of simplified block model and comparing the results with analytic solutions. Practical applicability was also demonstrated by analyzing the time-dependent behavior of underground oil storage tunnel and assessing the reinforcement effect of rockbolt.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.24 no.A
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• pp.239-250
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• 2004

Numerical analysis were performed to investigate the stability and internal movement of tunnel located beneath the base of abutment of bridge according to the method of supporting tunnel. Two supporting methods of the multi-staged grouting method with steel pipes and the large diameter of pipe supporting method were used in the centrifuge model tests. The slip form of model lining, specially built to simulate the process of tunnel excavating under the condition of accelerated g-level, was used in the centrifuge model tests. Four centrifuge model tests were performed, changing the supporting methods of the multi-staged grouting method with steel pipes and the large diameter of pipe supporting method and the location of model abutment base of bridge. For internal displacement of tunnel, movements of the crown. The left and the right sides of spring line were measured during the proceeds of excavating tunnel in centrifuge model tests. Test results were compared with numerically estimated values of internal displacement of tunnel by using the commercially available FEM software of PENTAGON-3D. It was found that they were in good agreements and the large diameter of pipe supporting method was more stable than the multi-staged grouting method with steel pipes with respect to the internal movement of tunnel.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.51-61
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• 2005

In general the strength parameter of the ground will be changed by reinforcing the ground around tunnel. In this case, the concept of tunnel design, such as supporting system, excavation, lining and so on, should be modified based on the failure criteria or the ground changed by the reinforcement. This paper presents the variation mechanism of strength parameters and new failure criteria of the reinforced ground. In order to perform this research, theoretical and experimental works were carried out. It was clearly founded that the cohesion of strength parameters is only increased by reinforcement of ground, especially by rock bolting.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 2010.04a
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• pp.293-296
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• 2010

일반 교량에 주로 사용되는 콘크리트 바닥판 시공을 위해서는 동바리, 거푸집 등을 설치하고 철근 배근 후 콘크리트를 타설하는 방법이 사용되어왔다. 그러나 기존 콘크리트 바닥판 시공은 계절 및 기후의 영향을 많이 받는다. 또한 시공과정에서 많은 인력이 요구되고 시공 안전성 확보를 위한 노력이 필요한 실정이다. 이러한 문제점을 극복하기 위하여 최근에 프리캐스트 바닥판을 이용한 교량 시공이 늘어나고 있는 추세이다. 프리캐스트 바닥판은 공장에서 선제작한 후 현장에서 조립하여 시공한다. 따라서 프리캐스트 바닥판 시공은 계절 및 기후의 영향을 최소화 하여 공기를 단축할 수 있고, 공장제작에 따른 양호한 품질도 보장된다. 또한 인력이 적게 요구되면서 시공 안전성도 확보할 수 있다. 그러나 이러한 기존의 프리캐스트 바닥판은 패널의 폭이 좁고 외측 캔틸레버부의 시공 시 별도의 지보공이 필요한 단점을 갖고 있었다. 이러한 단점을 보완하기 위해 장폭 외측 프리캐스트 바닥판이 제안되었다. 장폭 외측 프리캐스트 바닥판은 패널의 폭을 늘려서 장폭의 바닥판을 만들고, 가설구조물을 이용하여 지보공 없이 시공이 가능하게 고안되었다. 본 연구에서는 장폭 외측 프리캐스트 패널 캠버 조정에 사용 될 가설구조의 현장적용을 위하여, 실험 후 유한요소해석을 수행하여 비교 및 검증하였다.