• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.31 no.2 s.83
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• pp.107-114
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• 2005

모발은 고통 없이 검체를 채취할 수 있고 저장이 간편하며 인체에 장기간 축적된 미네랄과 중금속함량을 측정하는데 매우 적당한 재료이다. 그러므로 45세 전후의 남자두발을 검체로 하여 상습흡연자(3년 이상 하루 1갑 이상흡연자)와 비흡연자 그리고 청소년을 대상으로 15종의 영양원소와 8종의 독성원소, 그리고 15종류의 기타원소를 조사하여 이들 미네랄 함량의 기초 자료를 제시하고자 하였다. 총 38종류의 원소분석은 정확도를 기하기 위하여 Trace elements, Inc (Dallas, Tx, USA)사에 의뢰하였으며, 이곳에서는 유도결합 플라즈마 질량분석기를 사용하여 분석하였다. 결과는 흡연자가 비 흡연자에 비하여 영양원소는 대체적으로 비슷하였으나 특히 Mg(P<0.05)와 Cu함량이 각각 3.9와 2.4 ppm의 차이로 흡연자가 낮았고, 독성원소는 Hg(P<0.001)가 0.16과 0.31 ppm으로써 0.15 ppm 차이로 흡연자가 높은 특징을 보였는데, 이것은 최대허용치인 0.18 ppm과 비교해 보았을 때 약 2배 이상 초과하는 것이 였엇다. 이러한 원인들은 흡연에 있다고 볼 수 있으며, Hg의 중독증상은 중추신경 장애와 의욕상실, 만성피로를 일으킬 수 있으며 미나마타병의 원인물질로 알려져 있다. 한편,청소년과 성인에 있어서 영양원소의 함량은 Cu, P, Mn, B가 각각 3.2, 2.1, 0.016, 0.03 ppm의 차이로 성인에서 높았다. 그러나 생리활성물질인 Ca, Na, K은 각각 55.3, 15.2, 9.0 ppm의 차이로 청소년에서 높았는데, 이것은 성장기 청소년들에게 있어서의 특징이라고 할 수 있다. 독성원소는 Hg가 0.16 ppm으로 성인에서, Cd는 0.01 ppm으로 청소년에서 높았지만 각각 최대 허용치인 0.18과 0.014 ppm 이하였다.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.172-180
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• 2006

This study was performed to establish new methods for hazardous substances and to develop an analytical method in specified wastes for preventing the environmental pollution caused by hazardous wastes. Therefore, the trends of international management, regulatory criteria, and items of hazardous wastes in various countries were investigated. Based on this study, target priority of new hazardous substances in specified wastes was established. An analytical method was developed using the waste standard reference materials of sludge, oil, bottom ash, etc., which contain the new hazardous substances (Ba, Be, Cr(VI), F, Ni, Sb, Se, and V). A total of 37 waste samples from the representative facilities, which are emitting new hazardous substances, were analyzed.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.273-282
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• 2011

This study established hazards which may cause risk to human at farm during cultivation stage of paprika. Samples of plants (paprika, leaf, stem), cultivation environments (water, soil), personal hygiene (hand, glove, clothes), work utensils (carpet, basket, box) and airborne bacteria were collected from three paprika farms (A, B, C) located in Western Gyeongnam, Korea. The collected samples were assessed for biological (sanitary indications and major foodborne pathogens), chemical (heavy metals, pesticide residues) and physical hazards. In biological hazards, total bacteria and coliform were detected at the levels of 1.9~6.6 and 0.0~4.610g CFU/g, leaf, mL, hand or 100 $cm^2$, while Escherichia coli was not detected in all samples. In major pathogens, only Bacillus cereus were detected at levels of ${\leq}$ 1.5 log CFU/g, mL, hand or 100 $cm^2$, while Staphylococuus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli O157 and Salmonella spp. were not detected in all samples. Heavy metal and pesticide residue as chemical hazards were detected at levels below the regulation limit, physical hazard factors, such as insects, pieces of metal and glasses, were also found in paprika farms. Proper management is needed to prevent biological hazards due to cross-contamination while physical and chemical hazards were appropriate GAP criteria.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.32-37
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• 2005

The soil properties of the royal tombs (managed by cultural properties administration) located in Seoul and suburban Gyonggi area were investigated to see the influence of the change in soil environment on the royal tomb s이I. To compare the soil chemical properties of four royal tombs soil of Changdeokgung, Jongmyo, Seooneung, and Dongguneung, pH, organic content, available phosphate, extractable calcium, extractable potassium, extractable magnesium, cation exchange capacity, degree of base saturation, and total nitrogen content were measured. The concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Cu measured as the degree of heavy metal contamination can be an indication of atmospheric pollution in the soil environment. To estimate the degree of soil compaction, soil hardness, pore space, porosity, bulk density, and soil atmosphere were analyzed. Through these studies, following conclusions were made: 1. The soil hardness and pore space which can be used as indexes of soil compaction, were worse in the soil of Seooneung than in those of Changdeokgung and Dongguneury. These phenomena seem to be the result of increase in visitors in Seooneung and Dongguneung better and soil management in Changdeokgung and Dongguneung. When three different regions of forest area, prohibited area, and soil compaction area in Seooneung soil were compared, the degree of compaction in the forest area was less than compaction area, indicating the need for the employment of soil resting period in the compaction area. 2. The pH measurements of all four royal tombs soil were higher in top soil than sub soil. The higher soil pH values in Jongmyo and Seooneung seem to result from the application of soil conditioner. In the case of Seooneung, the values for soil pH and organic content were higher in the forest area than those in compaction area. It is thought that active soil management was employed in the forest area through application of organic matters and soil conditioners. 3. The heavy metal contents from soil of Changdeokgung and Jongmyo were higher than that from soil of Dongguneung. Since Changdeokgung and Jongmyo are located inside Seoul, it is thought that the high level of heavy metal concentrations in these royal tomb soil is the result of accumulation of pollutants from the city.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.24-29
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• 2010

This study was conducted to estimate the contents of heavy metals including lead, cadmium, arsenic and total mercury in alcoholic beverages in Korea. Concentration of Hg was analyzed by gold amalgamation method, using mercury analyzer, while concentration of Pb, Cd and As was analyzed by ICP-MS. Concentration (${\mu}g/kg$) of heavy metal in fermented liquors were; for Pb $9.9\;{\pm}\;8.4$(0~38.0), Cd $5.8\;{\pm}\;4.9$(0~5.4), As $28.6\;{\pm}\;19.4$(1~96.4), Hg $0.7\;{\pm}\;1.2$(0~10.6). Concentration (${\mu}g/kg$) of distilled liquors were ; for Pb $4.4\;{\pm}\;5.7$(0~29.3), Cd $2.0\;{\pm}\;2.5$(0~10.3), As $12.0\;{\pm}\;17.0$(0~95.6), Hg $0.2\;{\pm}\;0.3$(0~2.3). Concentration(${\mu}g/kg$ of other liquous were ; for Pb $7.5\;{\pm}\;5.1$(0~13.7), Cd $5.8\;{\pm}\;3.9$(0.6~11.2), As $25.2\;{\pm}\;39.0$(0.5~103.3), Hg $0.3\;{\pm}\;0.1$(0.1~0.5). The present study showed that difference of the amount of constituent in a same category of food are not affect to the content of heavy metals among them. The residual levels of takju, yakju, sake, beer, fruit wine, soju, whiskey, brandy, general distilled liquor, liquor, other liquors are within the maximum levels, prescribed by Korea food code. It is given that heavy metal exposure of Pb, Cd, As, Hg from consumption of alcoholic beverages (takju, yakju, sake, beer, fruit wine, soju, whiskey, brandy, general distilled liquor, liquor, other liquors) are less than 0.03%, 0.06%, 0.01%, 0.01% (mean) in provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) respectively, indicated by FAO/WHO.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.9
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• pp.840-850
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• 2010

The present study was attempted to find the effects of structural properties of phosphorus on the water quality of Gyehwa reservoir in Saemangeum. Relationship of phosphorus fractions between water and sediment properties was closely examined, and a few types of phosphorus were found from the sample sediment as : Saloid-P, Al-P, Fe-P, Ca-P, Red-P and Occd-P. Saloid-P (1.4%), Al-P (0.5%), Fe-P (39.8%), Ca-P (56.6%), Red-P (0.4%), Occd-P (1.3%) were extracted in a mass basis from the sediment of Gyehwa reservoir. Approximately more than 97% of phosphorus were calcium related phosphorus (Ca-P, 56%) and iron bound phosphorus (Fe-P, 39.8%). The Fe-P closely relates with water quality of T-N (r=0.761, p<0.05), $NO_3$-N (r=0.754, p<0.05), $NH_4$-N (r=0.728, p<0.05), T-P (r=0.774, p<0.05) and $PO_4$-P (r=0.767, p<0.05) while the Ca-P did not show any consistent dependency on the water quality. On the other hand, the correlation of Ca-P with $P_2O_5$ was high with r=0.783 (p<0.05) in the sediment. The Fe-P was affected significantly on the Ignition Loss (r=0.569, p<0.05), T-N (r=0.715, p<0.05) and T-P (r=0.983, p<0.01). In the research of correlation between phosphorus fraction and heavy metals in the sediment, Ca-P did not show any specific relationships with heavy metals. The Fe-P showed a significant correlation with As (r=0.817, p<0.01), Cu (r=0.793, p<0.05), Cd (r=0.786, p<0.05), Zn (r=0.738, p<0.05), so that it can be stated that the presence of Fe-P may implicate the volume of various metallic elements.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.121-132
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• 2010

Soybean farms in Changnyeong were selected for hazard analysis to establish the Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) model of soybean, and physical, chemical(heavy metal) and biological(sanitary indications, foodborne pathogens) hazard analysis for cultivation environment (soil, water) was carried out. First, bow which is able to be mixed in soil and water was confirmed as physical hazard. Levels (Cd:0.01~0.103, Cu:0.001~6.036, As:0.006~3.045, Hg:ND~0.041, Pb:0.003~3.952, $Cr^{+6}$:0.007~0.496, Zn:0.001~66.500, Ni:0.003~18.010) of heavy metals in soil and water were appropriate for GAP criteria. In biological hazard, APC and coliform in soil were detected at the levels of $6.0{\pm}0.3$ and $3.6{\pm}1.6$ log CFU/g, and levels of water were $3.5{\pm}0.7$ and $1.9{\pm}0.7$ log CFU/mL, while E. coli wasn't detected in all sample. However, coliform in water wasn't appropriate for criteria, and E. coli O157 was detected about 22% in some farms, so it needs ways to prevent contamination by human and animals excrements. In conclusion, it needs proper management to prevent cross-contamination of hazards although physical and chemical hazard level were appropriate for GAP criteria while biological hazard wasn't.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 2009

In this study, the use of purge & trap GC-MS technique for determination of methylmercury in sediment samples was described. The method detection limit of the method was determined as 0.06 ng/g and the recovery of the method was $102{\pm}11.4%$, with precisions better than 11.2%. The method was validated by analysis of CRMs such as ERM CC580 (estuarine sediment) and IAEA 405 (sediment). Additionally, the performance of the method was tested on river sediment samples and the analytical results were compared with those of the GC-CVAFS, which has been widely used for methylmercury analysis.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.231-237
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• 2006

Nowadays the teabag is worldwide used for various products including green tea, tea, coffee, etc. since it is convenient for use. In case of outer packaging printed, however, there is a possibility that the plasticizers which is used for improvement in adhesiveness of printing ink may shift to inner tea bag. In this study, in order to monitor residual levels of plasticizers in teabags, we have established the simultaneous analysis method of 9 phthalates and 7 adipates plasticizers using gas chromatography (GC). These compounds were also confirmed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MSD). The recoveries of plasticizers analyzed by GC ranged from 82.7% to 104.6% with coefficient of variation of $0.6\sim2.7%$ and the correlation coefficients of each plasticizer was $0.9991\sim0.9999$. Therefore this simultaneous analysis method was showed excellent reproducibility and linearity. And limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) on individual plasticizer were $0.1\sim3.5\;ppm\;and\;0.3\sim11.5\;ppm$ respectively. When 143 commercial products of teabag were monitored, no plasticizers analysed were detected in filter of teabag products. The migration into $95^{\circ}C$ water as food was also examined and the 16 plasticizers are not detected. In addition we carried out analysis of heavy metals, lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and aluminum (Al) in teabag filters using ICP/AES. $Trace\sim23{\mu}g$ Pb per teabag and $0.6\sim1718{\mu}g$ Al per teabag were detected in materials of samples and Cd and As are detected less than LOQ (0.05 ppm). The migration levels of Pb and Al from teabag filter to $95^{\circ}C$ water were upto $11.5{\mu}g\;and\;20.8{\mu}g$ per teabag, respectively and Cd and As were not detected in exudate water of all samples. Collectively, these results suggest that there is no safety concern from using teabag filter.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.143-151
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• 2003

In the present study, we made measurements of PM-bound metal concentrations from seven different urbanized locations in Seoul for the period covering March 2001 through May 2002. The measurement data were analyzed to explore the possible influences of spatial factors on metal distribution characteristics. To check for the importance of such aspects on metal distribution characteristics, the measured data were compared between different metals and between different sites by several criteria including (1) coefficient of variation (CV) values; (2) temporal variability; and (3) the abundance of strongly correlated pairs. The overall results of our study indicate strong diversity in the distribution characteristics of different metals. It is found that some metals (like Fe, Mn, and Pb) tend to exhibit strong compatibility among different study sites. However, no such compatibility appears to exist for certain metals like Cu. To account for the importance of spatial factors, complex relationships between source/sink processes and geochemical characteristics of a given metallic component may have to be examined in a systematic manner.