• International Area Studies Review
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.247-273
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• 2011

This study analyzes the impacts on the M&A and greenfield of macroeconomic variables of home and host countries, after identifying current status and characteristics of the M&A and greenfield related to the entering way of Korean firms in China. Main empirical results are summarize as follows. First, as for foreign exchange variable, the decreased value of Korea won shows the negative correlations with both of the greenfield and M&A. Second, the real interest rate of Korea to measure the cost of capital is not significant statistically. Third, while the host country's stock market index, Shanghai Comprehensive Index, shows the expected negative correlations with the investment in the case of small & medium firm and light industry, it shows the positive correlations which is not consistent with general expectation in the case of large firm and heavy industry. Fourth, the openness of host country shows the positive correlations with both of the greenfield and M&A. Finally, in regard to the M&A, China's GDP to measure the market size of host country is not significant statistically while it shows the strong positive relationship with the greenfield investment.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.41-62
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• 2013

This paper, the accumulation of foreign exchange reserves in the financial systems of emerging markets mid-to long-term impact on how investigated. The accumulation of foreign exchange reserves in emerging markets is a highly effective means to prevent the recurrence of another financial crisis as well as to minimizing risks of financial crisis. By examining the economic effects of excessive accumulation of foreign exchange reserves on factors such as foreign liabilities, domestic consumption, domestic investment and economic growth from a mid-to long-term perspective, it reduced domestic consumption, but on the other hand, led to the expansion of the trade-related industries based on increase of exports. Although China implements a policy to substantially increase domestic investment, other emerging market countries have stagnant domestic investment activities due to excessive accumulation of foreign exchange reserves. Such fact signifies that excessive accumulation of foreign exchange reserves increases potential risks by depressing the mid-to long-term economic growth through the scale down of trade-related industries.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.637-665
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• 2009

Since the globalization of the world economy in the 1990s, capital transfer and investment soared, which caused FDI and the effect of FDI on country competitiveness to increase. This study compared and examined how Korea, China and Japan's FDI developed throughout history and what characteristics they show. For the study, we considered country, firm and industry level factors by using institutional based perspective, resource based perspective and industry based perspective, and the derived the following results. Firstly, institutional factors are the main factors that led FDI in the three countries. Secondly, while Korea and Japan have a similar path in changing investment motives, China shows the opposite path. Thirdly, the growth rate of FDI scale changes due to the three countries' factor conditions and demand conditions.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.127-140
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• 2013

The present work analyzes the source and level of discount rate/benchmark for investment analysis on almost 4 thousand registered CDM, one of the Kyoto mechanisms, projects. As a result of analysis, the source and level of discount rate is changed as the passage of time and there are some countries that prefer certain sources and level. By project types, there is no difference among the sources but the level is not same. As the level of capital market development higher, there is a trend on changes in applying the source of discount rate, but the level is not different among groups. Finally there are no specific preferences on the sources on applying discount rate by DOE. And On analyzing, whether including China CDM projects or not influence the analysis results because China have registered a large number of projects.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.119-126
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• 2022

With the rise and rapid development of the "Internet+" economic model, the internet is deeply integrated with the social economy and penetrates every corner of life. Compared with expanding the scale of business operations through internal investment and capital accumulation, e-commerce companies are more inclined to directly gain control of other companies through efficient merger and acquisition (M&A). The purpose of this study is to analyze changes in financial performance before and after M&A of Alibaba, China's largest e-commerce company in the Internet era. To present the impact of M&A events on Alibaba's stock price and shareholder wealth more intuitively, this study selected the market model in the event study method to measure abnormal returns. The results show that an M&A event led to a reduction in Alibaba's shareholder wealth in the short term. This study presents the theoretical basis for the M&A performance of e-commerce companies.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.329-352
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• 2017

Since the late 2000s Korean foreign direct investors in North Korea and China border regions have gone through the closure of outward processing trade(OPT) networks and changes in their location due to UN security council resolution and Korean independent sanctions against North Korea's nuclear and missile tests. However, the introduction of new Chinese OPT policy has led to the invigoration of domestic market-based OPT networks towards North Korea. The main aim of this paper is to identify the exceptional characteristics of Dandong in Liaoning province, a North Korea and China border region by analyzing OPT networks towards North Korea. Fundamentally the establishment of OPT networks towards North Korea is likely to be based on the utilization of a plenty of low wages in North Korea. The main reasons for this are fallen into two perspectives: geo-economics and geo-politics. The first perspective is geo-economics centering on the consolidation of economic exchange between North Korea and China, and North Korean economic development. For example, the introduction of Chinese OPT in border region has enabled Chinese local firms based on domestic market to access a plenty of low wage in North Korea in formal and institutional contexts. The second is geo-politics for the stability of North Korean regime based on the means of geo-economics. As the invigoration of domestic market-based OPT networks might make North Korea possible promoting foreign money earning, it enable North Korea to be sustainable as a buffering region between capitalist and socialist regime for China. It shows Chinese geo-strategic attempts to deal with the economic and regime stability of North Korean as a buffering state. In other words, OPT networks in North Korea should be concerned with the discourse practice of geo-economics and geo-politics which might lead to various and contingent spatial economies in border region. As a consequence, North Korea and China border regions could defined as a space in which is applicable to exceptional institutions and policies, and an exploitative space in which create surplus and rents by utilizing a plenty of low wages in North Korea through OPT networks.

• Korean Business Review
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.137-170
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• 2008

This study is presenting the logistics strategy in the international logistics markets which makes competition and corporation among north-east Asian countries to establishing the multi-pass Eurasian railroads. The countries located in north-east area of Eurasia like China, Japan, Russia and Korea are paying higher costs and disutility to the transportations and communications due to repeated conflicts and confrontations causes from the politic problems. They are being used surface transportation for most of all logistics between Europe and Asia except special merchandises because of characteristic of cargo to be air, the Silk Road remains vestige only which was main logistic passage to this area since BC. So far the Trans-Siberian Railway is being used by Russia mostly as north of Eurasian transport because of difficulties of service. The Trans-China Railway built in 1992 is not accomplishing as a international logistic passages. It is expected to take a long lead time because of characteristic of resource development and poor logistic infrastructure to the countries like Uzbekistan, double landlocked country, Mongolia and Azerbaijan, the countries do not be adjacent to the sea, even they have great economic jump-up plans through the development of their own resources. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization(SCO) start to sail officially in 2001 is constructed with China, Russia, Tadzhikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan as regular members of 6 countries and Mongolia, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran as observers 5 countries. It is started as a military alliance to protect terror, but now, it is expended to cooperate with the traffic, transportation, trade and share of energies. The Russia is doing their best to activate TSR as a government target to developnorth area equivalently, and economic develop of far-east Siberia. And also it is agreed provisionally to improve and repair of rail road between Nahjin and Hassan to connect TSR and TKR( Trans-Korea Railroad) by Russia, North Korea and South Korea with Russian's aggressive efforts. The development plan of this area is over lapped with GTI(Greater Tumen Initiative) promoted by UNDP, and is a cooperated project by 5 countries of South Korea, Mongolia, China, Russia and North Korea, subject to review the appropriation of energy, tour, environment, rail road connection between Mongolia and China and establishing a ferry route to north-east Asia. It is Japanese situation to pay attention to Russia and China even they have been supplying large-scope of infrastructure in Mongol area without any charges, target to get East Asia Main Rail Road to connect Mongolia and Zalubino of Russia. In case of the program for the Denuclearization of North Korea is not creeping, it will be accelerated to connect the TKR and TSR, TKR and TCR by somehow attending United States, including developing program promoted by UN ESCAP. As the result, Korean peninsular will continue the central role of competition and cooperation as in the past, now and future of north-east Asia, as of geographical-economics and geographical-politics whether it is requested or not wanted by neighbor countries.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2009.07a
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• pp.1217_1218
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• 2009

현재 국내를 비롯하여 세계적으로 녹색성장, 친환경 등의 열풍이 고유가와 화석연료의 고갈위기와 맞물려 활발히 진행되고 있다. 이미 미국, 영국, 프랑스, 이태리, 일본 등의 선진국에서는 자연 친화적, 경제적 실리 추구 및 편리성을 추구하면서 청정 에너지를 사용하는 "미래형 이동수단"에 큰 관심을 갖고 우리보다 한발 앞서 나가고 있다. 2005년 2월 16일 발효된 기후변화의 주 요인인 온실가스 배출 감축을 위한 교토의 정서 또한 이러한 친환경이란 말과 무관하지 않다. 교토의정서의 발효 이후 세계 각국은 의무화된 규제조항을 만족하기 위해 막대한 자본을 투입하고 있다. 우리나라의 경우 온실가스 배출량이 세계 9위에 달하고 있으며, 전체 온실가스 배출량의 82.5% 정도가 화석에너지의 사용에 의해 발생되고 있다. 이중 이산화탄소의 경우 전체 배출량의 27%를 자동차에서 배출되며, 이로 인해 세계 각국에서는 자동차에서의 배출가스를 규제하는 조항을 법제화하고 있다. 이러한 규제는 앞서 미국의 경우 캘리포니아 주정부에서 1998년부터 전기자동차 사용을 의무화하는 ZEV 규제를 입법화하면서 본격화되었고, 무공해 및 저공해 자동차의 개발이 활발하게 진행되었다. 또한 고유가 시대로 접어들면서 대체에너지에 대한 필요성이 한층 고조되고 있는 실정이다. 이중 전기자전거는 배터리를 통해 무공해, 무소음이라는 장점을 가지고 있으며, 유지관리비가 거의 들지 않고 교통체증을 완화시켜주며, 주차에 신경쓰지 않아도 되어 교통수단에 혁신을 가져다 줄 것이라 생각된다. 또한 전기자전거의 경우 배터리를 동력원으로 사용하며 전동스쿠터 등에서의 문제점인 일충전 주행거리에 제약을 받지 않아 최근 중국 등에서 보급이 급격히 확산되고 있는 추세에 있다. 하지만 대부분 납축전지, 니켈-카드뮴 등의 배터리가 사용되고 있어 중량, 수명, 중금속에 의한 환경오염 등의 다양한 문제점을 내포하고 있다.

• Vending industry
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• v.7 no.1 s.19
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• pp.88-89
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• 2007

최근 베트남의 경제성장은 실로 눈부실 지경이다. 2000년 이후 연평균 7.6%의 성장률이 계속되고 있어 우리나라의 고도 성장기를 연상케 한다. 2007년 1월 150번째 WTO에 가입한 베트남은 마치 중국의 성공을 벤치마킹한 성장패턴을 보이고 있다. 충부한 자본과 노동력을 자원으로 고속성장을 해나가는 베트남 경제의 잠재력은 무궁무진하다 할 수 있다. 이런 베트남 시장에서 자판기 분야 역시 관심을 가질 만하다. 베트남 경제의 거침없는 성장은 자판기 산업의 높은 잠재 성장가능성 역시 예상케 한다. 특히 베트남의 경제인구의 60%이상이 30대 이하인 점은 감안한다면 자판기 문화가 빠른 시간 안에 형성 발전이 가능하다 할 수 있다. 게다가 베트남은 세계 2위의 커피수출 이다. 우리나라에서 가장 많이 인스턴트커피를 수입하는 나라가 베트남이며 자판기 커피에 쓰이는 원료의 대부분이 베트남 커피이다. 저기 커피시장을 꽉 잡고 있다 할 정도로 많은 생산수출을 진행하는 것이 베트남 커피 시장의 특징이다. 생산이 이처럼 많이 이루어지다 보니 자국내 커피음용 문화가 일상화되어 있다. 마치 물마시듯 커피를 마시는 문화가 형성되어 있다. 이런 점에서 본다면 커피자판기 분야의 큰 시장 확대의 여지 역시 크다 할 수 있다. 베트남의 자판기 시장 잠재력을 제대로 파악하기 위해서는 베트남 커피 산업의 현황과 문화를 제대로 아는 일이 중요하다. 국정홍보처 국정브리핑에서 제공한 '베트남에 가면 커피의 진실이 보인다'는 기사는 이런 니즈를 충족시키는데 있어 큰 도움이 된다. 자료 제공에 적극 협조를 해 준 국정홍보처 정책뉴스팀에 감사의 말씀을 전하며, 관련 기사 전문을 게재했다.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.135-158
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• 2016

Purpose Virtual communities change the way people communicate and share information. The purpose of this paper is to find how internet social capital and individual motivations influence the information sharing in virtual communities. This study considers the social capital theory, individual motivations, information sharing, and community promotion to construct a theoretical model. Design/methodology/approach Social capital focuses on three dimensions that include 6 factors: social interaction ties, centrality, shared language, shared vision, trust and reciprocity. Individual motivations include 2 factors: reputation and enjoy helping. To confirm the research model and the hypotheses, 426 effective questionnaires were used for the final analysis. Findings The result of data analysis demonstrates that social interaction ties, centrality, shared language, trust, and reciprocity were significant in affecting information sharing behaviors. However, reputation, enjoy helping, and shared vision does not appear to have a significant influence on information sharing behaviors. The information sharing was positively related to community promotion.