• Anxiety and mood
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.101-108
• /
• 2019

Objective : This study aimed to investigate the associations of anxiety symptoms with behavior and attention in elementary school children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods : A total of 195 elementary school children with ADHD participated in the study. The Korean Version of ADHD Rating Scale (K-ARS) and Behavior Assessment System for Children(BASC-2) were used to measure the children's behavior. Anxiety and attention was assessed with State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) and ADHD Diagnostic System (ADS), respectively. Children with ADHD were categorized to two groups of ADHD with low anxiety (ADHD-LA) and ADHD with high anxiety (ADHD-HA) according to the total STAIC scores. Scores on K-ARS, BASC-2 and ADS were compared between two groups of ADHD-LA and ADHD-HA. Results : The Scores on K-ARS total and both subscales in ADHD-HA group were significantly higher than ADHD-LA group. Scores on the BASC-2 subscales including hyperactivity, aggression, conduct problem, anxiety, depression, somatization, withdrawal, attention problems were also significantly higher in ADHD-HA group compared to ADHD-LA group. In contrary, scores on ADS subscales were not significantly different between the both groups. Conclusion : Our study identified that the anxiety accompanied with ADHD was associated with the negative behavioral aspect in children with ADHD. However, the performances on attention task were not affected by the anxiety comorbid with ADHD. Future studies to reveal underlying mechanism are needed for further understanding the association with anxiety and ADHD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• 제15권1호
• /
• pp.82-90
• /
• 2004

Objectives：The study was performed to compare the executive function(EF；Inhibition, Planning and Working memory) between ADHD and normal group, and to controll the effect of age and intelligence. And the function of inhibition was assessed in two dimensions(cognitive inhibition and motor inhibition). Methods：K-WISC III and EF test(Go-No-Go, Stroop test, Tower of Hanoi, Digit) was administered to both 25 children with ADHD and 25 normal control participants, all aged between 7 and 12. The results were analyzed after statistically controlled for age and intelligence. Results：Children in the ADHD group had significantly lower IQ score than those in the control group and consistent relations were found between the child's age and the study's major variables. Once IQ and age were controlled, results indicated that children with ADHD had deficit only cognitive inhibition and motor inhibition. There was no significant difference in planning and working memory. Conclusion：These results suggested that specific deficits in inhibition control rather than general EF deficits are associated with ADHD. So inhibition is the core problem of children with ADHD. Thus, the therapeutic approach focused on cognitive inhibition and motor inhibition is required.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.112-119
• /
• 2015

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine the prenatal, perinatal and developmental risk factors of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), compared to unaffected siblings (SIB), and typically developing children (TC). Methods : Subjects with ADHD, their SIB, and TC were recruited from the child psychiatry outpatient clinic of the Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital. The parents of the children completed questionnaires on perinatal and developmental risk factors. Results : Fifty-eight subjects with ADHD (41 boys, $7.7{\pm}1.3years$), 21 SIB (8 boys, $8.2{\pm}1.8years$), and 22 TC (8 boys, $8.5{\pm}2.1years$) were included. The ADHD group showed higher rates of maternal stress during pregnancy than the SIB group (p=.002), and the ADHD group showed higher rates of familial psychiatric history than the TC (odds ratio, 8.76 ; 95% confidence interval, 1.69 to 45.45). Conclusion : These findings suggest that among perinatal and developmental factors, maternal stress during pregnancy contribute to the development of ADHD. Future prospective studies will be needed in order to determine the causal relationship between perinatal risk factors and development of ADHD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• 제24권4호
• /
• pp.213-219
• /
• 2013

Objectives : It is known that adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often concurrently exhibit attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The objective of this study is to investigate how ADHD symptoms modify clinical characteristics in adolescents with ASD. Methods : Subjects were recruited from the Program for the Education Enrichment of Relational Skills program, which is a program for adolescents with ASD to promote and train social skills. The study participants and their parents completed the study questionnaires, such as the ADHD rating scale, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, and Korean version of Child Behavior Checklist. Results : Adolescents with ASD and ADHD (N=19) were found to have more impaired sociality, less open communication with their parents, and more behavioral and emotional problems compared with adolescents with ASD, and without ADHD (N=28). Conclusion : Although further research is needed, the results of our study suggest that adolescents with ASD present different clinical characteristics when comorbid with ADHD.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.56-72
• /
• 2020

Objective : The purpose is to analyze the effects of parent training interventions in reducing the symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and to provide a basis for the effects. Methods : We collected literature published in international academic journals from 2009 to 2019 through ProQuest and Scopus databases. The search key terms were (ADHD OR Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) AND (Parent OR Mother OR Father) AND (Training OR Program OR Therapy OR Intervention) AND (Randomized OR Randomised OR Randomly). The PEDro scale was used to evaluate the quality of the studies, and a meta-analysis was conducted through Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 3.0. Results : Of 628 studies that we reviewed, 20 were eligible for inclusion. of parental training interventions for children with ADHD appeared close to a medium effect size while parent-child interventions (0.639) appeared to have a medium to large effect size. Oppositional defiant behavior and conduct disorder (0.737) in children and children's emotions (0.679) appeared close to a large effect size. ADHD symptoms hyperactivity and impulsivity (0.590) and child behavior (0.521) appeared to be over a medium effect size. We chose a random-effects model since heterogeneity tests showed significant results. Conclusion : We were able to confirm the effects of parent training interventions on the symptoms of children with ADHD. This will be used as evidence to provide a clinical basis for occupational therapists. More research related to parental training interventions should be carried out to ensure better reporting in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.34-42
• /
• 1997

Enuresis is repeated involuntary or intentional voiding of urine into bed or clothes over age 5. Though it would be a self-remitting disorder, it could be serious problem in emotional and socio-adaptational aspects. The author reviewed the enuretic patients of Child & Adolescence psychiatric section in Chungnam National University Hospital during past 3 years. 46(4.9%) of 936 patients were diagnosed as enuresis in DSM-Ⅳ. The author evaluated their comorbidity by the data of diagnostic review made in two psychiatrists, and emotional aspects(self-concept, anxiety, depression) through the self-rating scales (Piers-Harris children’ self concept scales, RCMAS, state-trait anxiety inventory for children, child’s depresson inventory). Thirty(65.2%) of the 46 enuretic patients had additional diagnoses such as attention deficit hyperactive disorder, mental retardation, encopresis, oppositional defiant disorder, depression, anxiety disorder, autism, somatoform disorder, tic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, sleep disorder, etc. Sixteen enuretic patients had at least one comorbid disorder. Eleven patients had two, and three patients had more than three. Fourteen of 46 enuretic patients were evaluated through self-rating scales of self-concept, anxiety and depression. But we couldn’t obtain meaningful results. Maybe it was due to the small sample size(N＝14) and the influence of the comorbid disorders. Finally, it was an impressive evidence that there exist many comorbid disorders in enuresis(esp. attention deifict/hyperactive disorder). In emotional aspects, the author thought that further evaluation should be needed for more meaningful results.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.65-73
• /
• 1995

We conducted the comparative study of the effects of the parent training combined with medication and the medication only on 23 ADHD children with the age from 5 to 11(body 22, girl 1). Mothers of combined treatment group(parent training+medication) attended, the parent training program once a week for 8 consecutive weeks and booster session 1 month later. Children of both groups were assessed twice before and after treatment using the various using scales and TOVA to evaluate the treatment effects. The results of present study showed the greater effectiveness of the medication+parent training over the medication only in reducing the parenting stress of mothers as well as the inattention and behavioral problems of ADHD children. In medication only group while the scores of mother's rating did not change significantly after treatment, those of teacher's rating and TOVA tend to be decreased to normal range. These results suggested that methylphenidate is effective on improving attentional problems of ADHD children, but not on behaviral problems at home. These results mean that parent training is needed for reducing behavioral problems of ADHD children, negative interactions in mother-child relation, and parenting stress as well as maxmizing medication effect.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
• /
• 제12권2호
• /
• pp.113-120
• /
• 2021

The objective of this study is to identify the visual function impairment of children with each type of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD). The subjects of this study were 49 children diagnosed with ADHD with visual function out of the normal range. The type of ADHD was investigated using the Korean-ADHD Rating Scale and visual function test. The attention deficit type(69.4%) of ADHD was the most common type among children with ADHD with vision problems. Although their overall naked-eye visual acuity was good, about 50% of the subjects showed problems with visual function. For those with the attention deficit type of ADHD, the myopia-related refractive error was high. For those with the hyperactivity type of ADHD, the astigmatism-related refractive error was higher. For those with vergence function disorder, convergence insufficiency was the most common. As there were differences in the visual impairment characteristics of children with different types of ADHD, it is necessary to approach a child's problem behavior through examination and screening for visual function disorders.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
• /
• 제33권2호
• /
• pp.105-111
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study was to detect early children with hyperactivity which is one of the symptoms of Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This study used two methods: K-CBCL and observation of children's behavior. K-CBCL was done online by parents at home. For observation of children's behavior, the school asked children to wear a 3-axis accelerometer on their wrists. The data from K-CBCL and 3-axis accelerometer were analyzed and clustered to separate hypersensitive children from ordinary children. This experiment confirmed that 3-axis accelerometer which is one of Ubiquitous techniques and the K-CBCL questionnaire were helpful for detection of hypersensitive children.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.8-17
• /
• 2006

Neurofeedback, also known as EEG biofeedback or neurotherapy, is a new therapy differentiated from biofeedback in that brain waves are monitored to study brain itself as well as its functions. Needless to say, it has originated from biofeedback, however it has established itself as an independent and specialized therapy in the field of neurotherapy. In order to have a better understanding of neurofeedback we are going to have a look into its historical and theoretical background first and then we will explain how it can be used clinically. Neurofeedback was clinically introduced for epilepsy for the first time and its effect was proved. Since then it has been used successfully for a number of psychiatric disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD), anxiety, anxiety and mood disorder, sleep disorder, substance dependency, etc. Furthermore, it has been used for non-psychiatric or psychosomatic symptoms, such as headache, chronic pains, chronic fatigue symptoms, etc. Recently, it has been also used for non-medical areas, such as improvement of peak performance for sports and art activities, enhancement of cognitive function, etc, making the neurofeedback a very promising field for its potential and effectiveness.