• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.25-56
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• 2006

We reviewed and compared nationwide surveys conducted in advanced countries (i.e., Japan, Germany, USA, and UK) with those in Korea, including the third Nationwide Survey of Natural Environments, which began in 2006 and will proceed until 2010. Based on this comparative analysis, we suggest alternatives to the nationwide survey of natural environments that are suited to Korea. Given the focus on species abundances and distributions in previous nationwide surveys in Korea, surveys of habitats, ecosystems, and ecoregions are required to more effectively protect biological resources in Korea. Furthermore, their spatial distributions should be mapped using periodical satellite images and aerial photographs. In particular, satellite images can be used to survey species, habitats, and ecosystems. Natural resources monitoring and management specialists are needed to collect various data and improve survey results. The participation of community volunteers is also important to develop an awareness in local residents of natural environment conservation. Independent survey institute (i.e., a 'National Ecosystem Institute') should be established to develop a database and survey scheme for species, habitats, and ecosystems throughout Korea. Moreover, the survey institute could develop natural environmental policy through the data analysis to meet the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity. The establishment of a survey institute will allow the completion of a natural environment survey that considers various factors, including physical habitat conditions. This will allow us to detect subtle changes in species abundance and spatial distributions and provide accurate and timely information on natural environments.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.122-133
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• 2018

The Seonamsa temple is located on steep terrain surrounded by forests and valleys, and is a place that the temple is scared of biological damage because it has high humidity and low wind levels. Therefore, we investigated a concentration and diversity of airborne fungi in indoor and outdoor by collecting air each season. The outdoor fungal load was far higher in spring ($276CFU/m^3$), autumn ($196CFU/m^3$), summer ($128CFU/m^3$) than in winter ($24CFU/m^3$). The lowest located Jijangjeon and upper located Wontongjeon showed the highest distribution of $337.4CFU/m^3$ in summer and $333.4CFU/m^3$ in autumn, respectively. Summer is the season with large variations in the concentration of airborne fungi between indoor and outdoor, a concentration of airborne fungi in indoor was maximum three times higher than these in outdoor with $128CFU/m^3$. Although the most fungi were collected in spring, fungal diversity was richer in summer and autumn with 28 genera 45 species and 25 genera 47 species, respectively. In particular, the concentration of airborne fungi was the most highest in all sampling sites in autumn, of which Ascomycota members accounted for 86% and Cladosporium genus was dominated. The most kind of Penicillium (16 species) was mainly distributed in indoor air in summer, autumn and winter.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.237-246
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• 2022

Owing to their high bioproductivity and unique physical environment, estuarine wetlands are gaining importance in national biodiversity management and habitat conservation. With regard to conservation and management of estuarine wetlands, this study analyzed the ecological characteristics of Gahwacheon Estuarine Wetland, an open estuary with various habitat types. Data from vegetation and biotic surveys have shown that 12 plant communities of five physiognomic vegetation types, including lentic herbaceous vegetation, halophytic herbaceous vegetation, and chasmophytic herbaceous vegetation. Due to the discharge of Namgang Dam and the effect of the tide, vegetation are distributed along the narrow waterside area. In terms of biodiversity, a total of 715 species, including 12 endangered wildlife species, were identified. Species diversity was relatively high in sections I and III where various riverbed structures and microhabitats were distributed. Due to the effect of the brackish water area following the inflow of seawater, endangered wildlife of various functional groups were also found to be distributed, indicating the high conservation value of that area. The collection of ecological information of the Gahwacheon Estuarine Wetland can be used as a framework for establishing the basis for conservation and management of the estuarine ecosystem and support policy establishment.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.111-129
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• 2012

Terrestrial insect fauna was surveyed in the Junam wetland area, which consists of the Junam, Dongpan, and Sannam wetlands, by visual counting and pictures. A sweep net collection was conducted from May to October 2010. A neighburing artificial lotus wetland was also surveyed for comparison. A total of 5,730 insects were surveyed, representing 268 species in 85 families and 12 orders. Sixty-three species of coleopterans were surveyed, followed by 60 species of Lepidoptera, and 37 species of Hemiptera. Coleopteran individuals were 25.9% of the total insect numbers surveyed, comprising most abundant group. This was followed by Odonata, Lepidoptera, and Orthoptera at 22.3%, 15.4%, and 12.7%, respectively. In total, 197 species were surveyed in the Dongpan wetland, 175 in the Junam wetland, and 154 species in the Sannam wetlands. However, only 86 species were surveyed in the artificial lotus wetland. Galerucella nipponensis in Coleoptera, Crocothemis servilia mariannae in Odonata, and Polygonia c-aureum in Lepidoptera were the most abundant in all four wetlands. Community analyses showed that the dominance index was highest in the artificial lotus wetland at 0.25 and lowest in Junam wetland at 0.08. Diversity indices were relatively high in all wetlands at 4.48, 4.44, 4.28, and 3.87 in Junam, Dongpan, Sannam, and the artificial lotus wetland, respectively. The insect fauna similarity index was highest in the Junam and Dongpan wetlands at 0.96. The lotus wetland showed the lowest similarity of the three wetlands with values of 0.45-0.53.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.6
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• pp.597-604
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• 2008

Recognizing the necessity of the development of ecologically sound silvicultural system for the mature Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis), this study was carried out to examine the invasion and growth of understory vegetation after partial cutting. In 1997, the age class VII Korean pine forest in the Experimental Forest of Kangwon National University was opened up about 50% by modified shelterwood cutting with site preparation to induce succeeding regenerations. After 10 years, plenty of hardwood have come to the stand, forming understory vegetation. The abundance and composition of understory vegetation was periodically investigated in the ten $10m{\times}10m$ permanent sample plots, estimating importance values, species diversity index and the distribution of diameter and height of the understory vegetation. Encouraged by canopy opening, the coverage of understory reached perfect closure, composed of 22 tree species and 20 shrub species in 2007. Morus bombycis occupied 29.6% of the total importance value and Cornus controversa was 17.0%, followed by Styrax obassia, Quercus aliena, Quercus mongolica, Acer mono, and Pinus koraiensis. In the year of 2000 the species diversity was highest as 2.547 with 26 tree species and deceasing thereafter, showing 2.220 with 22 tree species in 2007. As understory layer was thickly covered and got grow bigger, some shade intolerant species were disappeared, lowering species diversity. In 2007 the biggest tree was a Quercus aliena with 11.3 cm of DBH and the tallest tree was a Cornus controversa with 9.8m of height. The frequency distribution of number of trees by diameter and height classes formed the inverted-J-shaped curve, supposed to be typical uneven-aged stand.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.291-302
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• 2021

The phytoplankton community in the estuarine system is affected by changes of physicochemical factors easily. The present study analyzed phytoplankton community distribution and similarity, in addition to exploring factors influencing variations in phytoplankton community structure in three lakes located in the Yeongsan River estuary from March 2014 to November 2017. We carried out non-multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and random forest analysis (RF) for comparing the pattern of phytoplankton distribution and the relationship between phytoplankton distribution and environmental variables. Similarity Percentage (SIMPER) and Analysis of Similarity (ANOSIM) were performed to figure out the similarity of phytoplankton community at each site of three lakes. From NMDS, Phytoplankton community distribution differed between Yeongsan and Gumho lakes, and the factors influencing the distribution of phytoplankton communities across the three lakes were water temperature, dissolved oxygen, total nitrogen (T-N), nitrate-N (NO₃-N), and conductivity. NO₃-N was a key factor influencing phytoplankton community structure in the three lakes based on RF. A total of 24 species were identified as indicator species in the three lakes studied, with the highest species numbers observed in Yeongsan Lake (13) and the lowest observed in Yeongam Lake (2). According to SIMPER and ANOSIM results, the phytoplankton community in Yeongsan and Yeongam lakes were similar, and they differed from those in Gumho Lake. In addition, the phytoplankton community structure varied across the study sites in the three lakes, indicating that water channels across the lakes a minor influence phytoplankton community distribution.

• Journal of Marine Life Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 2016

Macrofauna and community structure were investigated seasonally at five sites in subtidal zone of Uljin on the east coast of Korea from March 2010 to February 2013. A total of 146 species were collected and identified, including 67 molluscs, 27 arthropods, and 8,688 individuals, including 6,468 arthropods, 1,098 molluscs and 584 echinoderms. In the seasonal investigation, summer has been the highest in 96 species and 2,525 number of individuals. Site 4 was the highest species but number of individuals were the lowest (81 species with 1,377 number of individuals), whereas site 3 was the lowest species and number of individuals were the highest (45 Species with 2,213 number of individuals). These result indicate that Balanus species affected to richness and the other side a gastropod influence by diversity and evenness. And site 3 seems to be good habitate environment for Balanus as the result of 83.4% of Balanus rather than other sites.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.233-238
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• 1990

Weedy rice(red rice) collected in Korea were crossed with the Japonica, Javanica and Indica tester cultivars, and also crossed among those collected lines. Their seed fertility was counted and refered to their cross affinities. Some tester cultivars such as, Suweongjo, Malagkit Sinaguing and wx 817 which were regarded as belong to the Japonica, Javanica and Indica respectively, showed the typical tendencies of hybrid sterility when they were crossed each other. But, other testers such as Kwanak, Tapaiko, Belle Patna and Tarichaosun showed some differencies from those typical patterns, implying some varigations within a ecotype. The hybrids of weedy rice crossed to the Japonica testers showed higher fertility with a few semisterilities. While the crosses of weedy rice to the Javanicas or Indicas showed high sterility implying closer affinity relationships of weedy rice to the Japonicas. Even those weedy rice lines such as Samsanmyeon 8 and Sanchungaengmi B which showed semi-sterility when they were crossed to the Japonica testers showed high sterility when they were crossed to both Javanicas and Indicas. The hybrids among weedy rice lines showed high fertility raning 69% to 96%. Even those weedy rice lines which showed semi-sterility in the crosses with Japonica testers, showed high-fertility when they were crossed with those weedy rice lines. Though the amylose content, Alkali Digestive Value, Phenol reaction and grain shapes of theose weedy rice lines showed divers variations, the cross affinities of them showed closer phylogenie relationship to the Japonicas than to Japvanicas or Indicas. But the genetic influinces of Indicas to those weedy rices were not ignorable.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.26 no.2 s.85
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• pp.153-162
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• 1998

Some fresh fungi collected at three mountain areas in Kangwon-do in 1996 and dried specimens collected before 1996 were observed and identified. Five species, Lepiota grangei, Baeospora myriadophylla, Mycena acicula, Clitocybe sinopica and Gerronema strombodes were confirmed new to Korea and registered here with full descriptions.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.204-215
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• 1992

From 12 August to 21 November in 1991, 65 soil specimens were collected from nineteen leguminous plant roots throughout nine locations of four provinces. They were sieved to collect and identify the arbuscular mycorrhizal spores (four genera, 21 species). The species of Glomus were most commonly (47.6% of all observations) found, but the species of Gigaspora (about 4.8% of all observations) occurred infrequently or rarely rather than the species of the other genera. The most common arbuscular mycorrhizal species at nine locations were Acaulospora laevis and Glomus laminated spores cf. macrocarpus var. macrocarpus. All of nineteen legume plant species collected were found to be associated with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi . Cassia mimosoides var. nomame and Kummerowia striata in legume plants had the great frequency of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with their roots. The number of isolated spores were ranged from 0.3 to 10.0 spores per 10g of soil. The species diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal spores at the disturbed areas were calculated to be bigger than those in the natural vegetation areas.