• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.233-248
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• 2019

This study shows that the Argovian Cantonal School in Aarau, Switzerland, which Albert Einstein attended from 1895 to 1896, had been closely related to the ideological education controversy in German Gymnasium throughout the 19th century. Due to this controversy, Einstein hardly received a formal science education in Bavaria. Despite the lack of formal education in Germany, he had a habit of self-studying from an early age and continued with this practice all through his life. He had a hard time at the authoritarian school in Munich, but at the democratic school in Aarau, where freedom and autonomy were secured, he was able to achieve emotional stability. For a long time, the city Aarau prevailed as a location of tolerance and multi-culturalism, without religious, regional, and national discrimination. This was possible due to the influence of external and unrestricted social mobility, as well as the Enlightenment from France. As a result, this small public school was able to acquire a mass of qualified human resources from outside of Switzerland. As a consequence of the controversy regarding the educational ideology, the Cantonal School adopted practical thoughts and the Enlightenment that fit the spirit of the times. The school consisted of two independent educational organizations: the Gymnasium, where the 'neuhumanistsch' education for the elite training was conducted, and the 'Gewerbeschule', where a more realistic education system was set up to suit the citizen life. In particular, after 1835, the Gymnasium changed gradually from the pure humanistic education to the 'utraquistisch' ways by introducing practical subjects such as natural history. Thereafter, the Cantonal School became an institution that was able to achieve a genuine humanity, academic, and civic life education. Einstein, who attended the 'technische Abteilung' of the 'Gewerbeschule,' considered this school as a role model of an institution that realized true democracy, and that left an unforgettable impression on him.

• 한국노년학
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.887-905
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• 2008

This study investigated the effects of education for the elderly on their psychological well-being. Loneliness(negative state of emotion) and life satisfaction(positive state of emotion) were compared between participants and non-participants of educational programs for the elderly in order to learn whether participating educational programs influences their psychological well-being. The subjects of this research were 288(146 participants and 142 non participants) elderly who are 60 years and older, living in Seoul City and Gyeong Gi Do. They were selected by the judgmental sampling method and surveyed using structured questionnaire. Research instruments were consisted of the UCLA Loneliness Scale, Life Satisfaction Index-Z Scale(LSIZ) and several background questions. The result showed that the participants of the educational programs had a lower level of loneliness and a higher level of life satisfaction. The educational program for the elderly was effective for the psychological well-being of the aged. Multiple regression results showed that subjective health played the most important role in explaining the loneliness, followed by education level, elderly education participation, financial states. The results also showed that subjective health played the most important role in explaining the life satisfaction, followed by elderly education participation, religious activity participation, financial status. Implications for policy, practice, and further research were discussed.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.171-178
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine the awareness of dental hygiene students on the importance of character education, their level of character development and needs for that education in an effort to provide information on how to ensure the efficiency of character education. The subjects in this study were 180 selected dental hygiene students who took a course in "college life and character." After a survey was conducted, the collected data were analyzed by a SPSS 23.0. The findings of the study were as follows: First, as for awareness of the importance of character education, they placed the most importance on the virtue of filial piety and attached the least importance to the virtue of courage. Second, regarding awareness of the importance of character education by general characteristics, what type of high school they graduated from and whether they were religious or not made no differences to that, and there were differences according to academic year. Third, as to the current level of character development, they were most excellent in etiquette and caring. Fourth, the characteristics of the subjects made no differences to their current level of character development. Fifth, in regard to correlation between awareness of the importance of character education and the current level of character development, there was a positive correlation between it and every item except faithfulness. Sixth, as a result of analyzing their needs for character education, they gave top priority to moderation, followed by filial piety, faithfulness, responsibility, courage, wisdom, law abiding, justice, etiquette, respect, cooperation and caring. The results of this study should be used as basic data for character education.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.300-310
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to compare the change of Well-Dying awareness and decision of university student before and after taking the course of death study. A questionnaire survey was conducted for university students 93 before education, 117 after education who participated in the Death Studies related lectures at Daejeon Metropolitan City for 15 weeks from August to December 2016. The general characteristics of survey are gender, age. grade, major, marriage condition, religion, family member living together and health status. Four items on the perception aspect of death, five items on the aspect of acceptance of death, seven items of death decision and twelve items for death education's interest and importance were configured as a reference scale. The statistical method carried out the chi-square test, the independent sample t-test, and the decision tree analysis. Based on the decision tree, At the time of preparation for death(cancer patient, terminal patient, etc.) and the elderly(65 years old or older), the education transition rate was 66.7%. But After education, 65.3% of the respondents were in adult, middle and high school, under elementary school, university, and graduate school, which showed a significant difference. Therefore we are looking for death education's effectiveness and setting directions for education's period and contents. the negative viewpoints and worries about the implementation of death education at elementary, middle and high schools and universities are resolved and the death education will positively affect the change of attitude of students.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.81-90
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• 2011

Purpose: This study is to understand how community members perceive past life recollection and preparation for death. Methods: Using a questionnaire, we surveyed 160 adult residents of one of the districts (gu) in Seoul, Korea. Descriptive statistics were used. Results: Participants chose their 30s and 40s as the most difficult time in their lives. The most painful experience was "an illness of a family member", followed by "trouble with a spouse", and "trouble with children". As for the most difficult social experience, "sense of loss in life" was ranked the highest. Personally, the happiest time was "accomplishment of a goal", while it was "happiness through children" in family relationship and "contribution to society through my career" in social life. As for the most regrettable experience, personally "having lived without purpose" was the highest, "not meeting my parents' expectation more" in family relationship; "not providing sufficient education" in relationship with children; "not having an occupation that I wanted" in work life, and "lack of social skills" in social life. More than 87% of the surveyed showed a positive attitude about the system of the do not resuscitate (DNS) order. For a situation where participants were supposed to have an incurable disease, "I want to be notified of the true condition" and "I want to write a will and advanced directives" ranked high, receiving more than 3.1 points out of 4. Conclusion: These results demonstrate the need for death education to provide people with an opportunity to accept their regrettable experiences in the past as part of their life. Also, this study suggests the importance of writing advanced directives for people to prepare for "death with dignity" how it can help their decision to be better respected.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2013

In this study, the corelation among the knowledge of and attitude to health care and the actual health protective practices of seafarers was surveyed and analyzed in order to provide the management method for improving seafarers' health care. The subjects of this study were 516 seafarers who took refresh training courses in Korea Institute of Maritime and Fisheries Technology. The questionnaire was constructed under the Guidelines for National Health of the Ministry of Health and Welfare and modified for studying seafarers' health state. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS package. The results were as follows: 1) The older, married, religion believer, higher ranker, the man who have longer career have the higher degree of knowledge, attitude, and practice-degree(p<0.05). 2) The degree of knowledge, attitude, and practice are $4.24{\pm}0.35$, $3.45{\pm}0.41$, and $3.39{\pm}0.22$ in mean by 5-score scale, respectably. 3) The corelation among the degree of knowledge, attitude, and practice was significant(r=0.33~0.63, p<0.05).

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.166-174
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• 2013

Purpose: This study aims to identify factors that influence middle-aged men's attitude towards death. Methods: The study enrolled 204 middle-aged (range=40~59 years) male residents of Daegu in Korea. Using a structured questionnaire, data were collected in October 4~30, 2010. For data analysis, we used descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheff$\grave{e}$'s test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression with SPSS WIN 14.0. Results: Participants' attitude towards death significantly differed according to educational level, religion, volunteer activities, and perceived health status. Moreover, their attitude towards death was negatively correlated with life stress and depression and positively correlated with self-esteem, life satisfaction, and coping behavior. The factors influencing the attitude towards death were life satisfaction, daily stress, religion, and depression, which explained approximately 25.7% of the total variance. Conclusion: Middle-aged men perform a crucial role in our society, and their attitude toward death affects how they cope with a situational crisis such as a terminal cancer or withdrawal of life sustaining treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and implement a support program for middle-aged men, which offers them with various strategies to better manage their daily stress and improve their life satisfaction and coping skills.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.501-510
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• 2020

The aim of this study was to examine the characteristics of views of life and death and spiritual wellbeing of medical and non-medical university students and to compare their correlation. To this end, 95 medical students from H University and 103 non-medical students from A University were sampled for this research. The research results are as follows: For both medical and non-medical university students, negative meaning of death was found to be most high among sub-factors of views of life and death. Medical and non-medical university students differed in death anxiety and life respect will as medical students showed lower death anxiety and higher life respect will than non-medical students. As a result of analyzing the correlation between view of life and death and the sub-factors of spiritual wellbeing, religious wellbeing showed negative correlation with meaning of death, and both existential and religious wellbeing showed positive correlation with life respect will in medical university students. The results of this study are expected to be helpful in constructing differentiated contents in biomedical ethics education for medical university students who will be exposed to medical deaths.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.25-34
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• 2015

Purpose: This study is to find relationship between cancer patient's spiritual health and the level of their anxiety and pain. Methods: From April 27 through May 11, 2012, a survey was conducted with 167 cancer patients hospitalized at a university hospital in Busan. Spiritual health was measured by the Spiritual Health Inventory developed by Highfield (1992). The instrument for anxiety measurement was the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory by Spielberger (1975) and that for pain was the Visual Analogue Scale (2009). The association between patients' characteristics and spiritual health, anxiety or pain degree were analyzed using the ANOVA test. The interrelationship between spiritual health, anxiety and pain was analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficients. Results: The patients exhibited a moderate degree of spiritual health and anxiety and a mild level of pain. Patients' spiritual health significantly differed by their religion, education, monthly income of the family, illness conditions, physical conditions, metastasis, daily living and support. Their anxiety level was significantly different according to age, religion, education, illness conditions, physical conditions, metastasis, daily living, family/friends' support and use of analgesics. Significant differences were also found in the level of pain according to illness conditions, physical conditions, metastasis, daily living, family/friends' support and use of analgesics. We found a moderately negative correlation between spiritual health and anxiety. Anxiety and pain showed a positive correlation, and spiritual health and pain exhibited a negative correlation. Conclusion: To help cancer patients to manage their spiritual health, anxiety and pain, a program should be developed considering the primary factors discussed in this study.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the factors surrounding burnout of nurses caring for cancer patients. Methods: The sample of this study was conveniently selected among nurses who had hospice care experiences working in General Hospitals located in Seoul. This study was conducted by a self-administered questionnaire. Two hundred forty four questionnaires were retrieved and the response rate was 81.3%. The period of data collection was from February 25th to March 5th in 1994. Mean, standard deviation, T-test ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis were performed for statistical analysis. Results: The data showed that respondents reported to have burnout as many as 2.71 out of a 5.0 score. Bivariate analyses indicated that those who had hospice education reported to have a lower burnout than those without hospice education. Multivariate regression analyses revealed factors associated with burnout the nurses have had. They include being a Christian, higher job satisfaction, and experiences of hospice education. Hospice education reducing burnout for the nurses was observed by hierarchial multiple regression analyses, after controlling out the effect of coping methods, sociodemographic characteristics, job satisfaction, and job-related stresses on experience of burnout. This observation was not hue for physical and psychological burnout but for burnout in general and emotional one. But this was not confirmed among the nurses with type A personality. Conclusion: The findings of this study have a weakness in generalizability due to the sampling methodology used in this study. However, for the better hospice care further research with a probability sampling method are necessary.