• Cross-Cultural Studies
• /
• v.45
• /
• pp.219-243
• /
• 2016

The life of Antonin Artaud exactly reproduces a very cruel drama. He lived in constant anguish and suffered from severe mental pain. This research will trace his thoughts in his writings while he was a prisoner of language. Artaud was a poet filled with anxiety about language, things, being, and thought. Whenever he tried to explain the mystery of being by means of mundane language, he experienced psychological agony. His poetic thoughts began to break down, because of his identity loss. Nevertheless, he was destined to grasp the world through language. Artaud had suffered from mental illness during his youth. His mental illness was associated with his difficulty in creating poetry. In this research, the letter, Correspondance avec Jacques $Rivi{\grave{e}}re$, is analyzed. The poet refers to "the collapse of the spirit's core, and the erosion of the fundamental thought that slips away" to convey his linguistic incompetence. Hereafter, he constantly demonstrated anxious mental symptoms. Even though he became mentally deranged, he maintained his consciousness, as is apparent in his writings. Also, his spiritual belief is reflected in his mental uneasiness. While he was traveling through the Tarahumaras area in Mexico, he was obsessed with its primitive belief in the Peyote rituals, and he immersed himself in performing them. His unchristian belief was the product of his mystical personality. Until his last breath, he did not give up writing. Artaud's mental derangement does not mean lunacy, but if one insists in calling it so, that is a metaphor. His derangement comes from his refusal to accept his limitations and from his aspiring to regard his body in the same light as his intellectual perceptions. His intellect could manifest more easily when his mind was elevated to the extreme. Artaud's lunacy is no different from that of a profound philosopher. The lives of poets who suffer from mental derangement are more poetic than the lives of those who do not. Artaud's atypical emotions provide a way of to measure our own limitations, helplessness, and resignation. His scream is nonsegmental but different from that of a mental patient. That difference is why people are interested in his works and wish to delve into his writings.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
• /
• 2022.10a
• /
• pp.465-469
• /
• 2022

자동 음성 인식 (Automatic Speech Recognition) 기술이 발달함에 따라 자동 음성 인식 시스템의 성능을 높이기 위한 방법 중 하나로 자동 후처리기 연구(automatic post-processor)가 진행되어 왔다. 후처리기를 훈련시키기 위해서는 오류 유형이 포함되어 있는 병렬 말뭉치가 필요하다. 이를 만드는 간단한 방법 중 하나는 정답 문장에 오류를 삽입하여 오류 문장을 생성하여 pseudo 병렬 말뭉치를 만드는 것이다. 하지만 이는 실제적인 오류가 아닐 가능성이 존재한다. 이를 완화시키기 위하여 Back TranScription (BTS)을 이용하여 후처리기 모델 훈련을 위한 병렬 말뭉치를 생성하는 방법론이 존재한다. 그러나 해당 방법론으로 생성 할 경우 노이즈가 적을 수 있다는 관점이 존재하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 BTS 방법론과 인위적으로 노이즈 강도를 추가한 방법론 간의 성능을 비교한다. 이를 통해 BTS의 정량적 성능이 가장 높은 것을 확인했을 뿐만 아니라 정성적 분석을 통해 BTS 방법론을 활용하였을 때 실제 음성 인식 상황에서 발생할 수 있는 실제적인 오류를 더 많이 포함하여 병렬 말뭉치를 생성할 수 있음을 보여준다.

• MALSORI
• /
• no.3
• /
• pp.34-39
• /
• 1981

유 만근 교수 질문 : 음성학에 관하여 질문하고 싶습니다. 영국대학의 언어학 교육 과정에서 음성학이 차지하는 비중이 얼마나 큰 지 알고 싶습니다. 러우비니스 교수 응답 : 네 ,그 질문엔 한마디로 긍정적인 답변을 할 수 있읍니다. 음성학은 언어학에서 대단히 중요한 위치를 차지하며 런던대학뿐만이 아니라, 영국의 어느 대학에서나 음성학은 언어학에 초기부터 도입됩니다. 지금 하신 질문은 대단히 중요한 문제이므로 좀 더 자세히 설명하겠습니다. 런던의 동료와 마찬가지로 나는 음성학이 언어학의 일부일뿐 아니라 실로 필수적인 분야라고 봅니다. 런던 대학내에는 "음성학 및 언어학과" 라는 학과가 두 군데나 있는데 이는 "불어 및 이태리어과" 라는 식의 명칭과는 의미가 다릅니다. 이러한 명칭의 배후에는 역사적인 이유가 있읍니다. 음성학은 언어학의 분과중에서 가장i 먼저 발전하였으며, 영국에서는 음성학 교수직이 언어학 교수직보다 30년이나 먼저 생겼습니다. 바로 내이얼 저운스가 최초로 음성학 교수직을 얻어 30년이나 봉직했던 것입니다. 이러한 이유로 학과의 명칭이 아직도 그대로 존속하는 것입니다. 10년전에 한국에 왔던 헨더슨 교수 역시 음성학 교수입니다만, 그렇다고 그가 언어학에 관심이 없는 것은 아닙니다. 이제는 아무도 언어학의 전분야를 모두 전공할 수는 없습니다. 그래서 언어학에는 역사언어학, 응용언어학, 음성학 같은 분야별 전문가가 있기 마련입니다. 그러나, 통사론을 하지 않고 언어학을 할 수 없는 것과 마찬가지로 음성학을 하지 않고는 언어학을 할 수가 없습니다. 물론, 음성학안에서도 일반음성학이냐 개별어의 음성학이냐에 따라서 전문이 세분될 수 있읍니다마는, "음성학이 영국 대학의 언어학 교육 과정의 일부인가?" 라는 질문에 대한 답변은 자명할 것입니다. 안걸은 더 나아가서, 인간 언어의 역사를 잠시 생각해 보면 음성학이 언어학 연구에 없어서는 안될 필수적인 것을 알겁니다. 결국 언어학이란 인간 언어의 역사와 운용을 연구하는 것이고 인간의 언어란 수천년을 내려왔으나, 글자가 생기기 전까지는 순전히 음성언어, 즉 소리말로 존재했습니다. 한국어이건 영어이건, 라틴러이건 언어는 모두 발음기관으로 발음 할 수 있고 귀로 들을 수 있는 소리로 되어 있으며, 이미 죽은 말을 다를 때에도 결국 화석화한 소리말을 연구한다고 보는 것입니다. 즉 언어란 바로 소리말입니다. 사람은 글자를 배우기 앞서서 말을 배우며 우리같이 고등교육을 받은 사람도 쓰기와 읽기보다는 말하기와 듣기를 훨씬 많이 합니다. 이 같이 언어는 소리말로 운용되는데, 바로 소리 말을 연구하는 것이 음성학으므로 음성학은 언어학의 기본이요, 필수입니다. 음성학이 영국의 언어학에서 중요한 기본을 이루고 있다고 말 할 수 없다면 영국의 언어학은 그 만큼 빈약하게 될 것입니다. 한국에 음성학회가 있고 또 한글학회가 있지만, 그렇다고 하여 한국어 음성학이 한국어와는 다른 것이라거나, 한국어 음성학을 공부하지 않고 한국어를 연구할 수 있다는 뜻은 아닙니다. 의학에도 분야마다 전문의가 있듯이, 언어학도 이제 복잡하고 광범한 학문이 되었으므로 분야별로 전문가가 나오게 된 것뿐입니다. 따라서 "나는 통사론에 관심이 있으므로 소리말에는 관심이 없다"고 말하는 언어학자가 있다면, 이 것은 크게 잘못된 것입니다. 마찬가지로 "나는 소리에만 관심이 있으므로 통사론에는 관심이 없다"고 말하는 음성학자가 있다면, 이 또한 안되는 일입니다. 문의 구성과 어휘 요소와 아무 관련이 없는 말소리의 차이가 무슨 소용이 있으며, 통사 구조를 표현하고 저달하는 말소리를 연구하지 않고 어떻게 통사론을 연구할 수 있겠습니까? 다시 간추리면, 언어는 본질적으로 소리말이고, 언어의 특성과 사용 및 습득도 모두 소리말 형태로 나타납니다. 따라서, 영국의 대학은 음성학이 대단히 중요함을 인식하고, 언어학을 올바르게 다루는 세계의 여러 다른 대학과 마찬가지로 이에 따라 교육 과정을 편성하고 있습니다.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
• /
• v.8 no.6
• /
• pp.261-268
• /
• 2022

No language can be separated from other languages and exist independently. When a language comes in contact with a foreign culture, they continuously affect each other and bring changes. Hallyu boom(Korean wave), which was derived from the emergence of K-drama and K-pop due to rapid developments in global scientific technologies and digitization after the 90's, affected the Chinese language. As a result, neologisms that are derived from the Korean language are being commonly used for making exchanges and becoming social buzzwords. Neologisms derived from Korean reflect the effects and results of language contact between the two languages. We examined the background and cause of Chinese neologisms derived from Korean based on the sociocultural factors and psychological necessity, and explained neologisms by using four categories of transliteration, liberal translation, borrowing Korean-Chinese characters and others. Despite having the issue of being anti-normative during the process of coining new words, neologism enriches Chinese expressions and is a mirror for social culture that reflects the opinions and understandings of young Chinese people who pursue novelty, change, innovation and creativity in linguistic aspects. We hope that it will serve as an opportunity for the young people in Korea and China to change their perceptions and become more friendly by understanding each other's language, culture and by communicating. We also expect to provide assistance in regard to teaching and learning the applications of Korean-Chinese language fusion at Chinese education fields.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.125-144
• /
• 2023

Recently, the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT has been increasing in various fields such as interactive commerce and mobile financial services. However, LMMs, which are mainly created by learning existing documents, can also learn various human biases inherent in documents. Nevertheless, there have been few comparative studies on the aspects of bias and discrimination in LLMs. The purpose of this study is to examine the existence and extent of nine types of discrimination (Age, Disability status, Gender identity, Nationality, Physical appearance, Race ethnicity, Religion, Socio-economic status, Sexual orientation) in LLMs and suggest ways to improve them. For this purpose, we utilized BBQ (Bias Benchmark for QA), a tool for identifying discrimination, to compare three large-scale language models including ChatGPT, GPT-3, and Bing Chat. As a result of the evaluation, a large number of discriminatory responses were observed in the mega-language models, and the patterns differed depending on the mega-language model. In particular, problems were exposed in elder discrimination and disability discrimination, which are not traditional AI ethics issues such as sexism, racism, and economic inequality, and a new perspective on AI ethics was found. Based on the results of the comparison, this paper describes how to improve and develop large-scale language models in the future.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
• /
• v.37 no.3
• /
• pp.205-213
• /
• 2010

We introduce a natural language sentence generation (NLG) method based on learning of word-association patterns. Existing NLG methods assume the inherent grammar rules or use template based method. Contrary to the existing NLG methods, the presented method learns the words-association patterns using only the co-occurrence of words without additional information such as tagging. We employ the hypernetwork method to analyze and represent the words-association patterns. As training going on, the model complexity is increased. After completing each training phase, natural language sentences are generated using the learned hyperedges. The number of grammatically plausible sentences increases after each training phase. We confirm that the proposed method has a potential for learning grammatical properties of training corpuses by comparing the diversity of grammatical rules of training corpuses and the generated sentences.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.10 no.7
• /
• pp.122-132
• /
• 2010

As a result of a growing demand for various mobile devices, the demand for application programs on the devices is on the rise. The Java language that is platform-independent rapidly rose as the best programming language for mobile devices. However, the Java has a problem that does not support platform-dependent features needed by the application. To solve this problem, the JNI technology was introduced by Sun Microsystems. Programmers using the JNI to write native methods need to have a lot of knowledge about the JNI and the internal structure of the JVM. Also, the increased load by using a number of JNI functions may decrease software productivity and quality. Demands for tools writing native method without understanding of JNI are progressively increasing. To develop these tools, it is necessary to translate automatically the differences between Java and C/C++. In this study, I suggested a way to overcome differences between both languages and developed JNI editor that is an integrated develope environment on the basis of this.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.119-130
• /
• 2020

This study developed an English conversation learning program in immersive virtual reality (VR) environments and compared its effects with non-immersive VR environment using a computer monitor. The effects of the program was assessed using language anxiety and learning achievement. The results indicated that students' language anxiety decreased significantly after learning English conversation in VR environment, but there was no difference between immersive and non-immersive VR. The two VR conditions also produced similar learning outcomes. Future research on immersive VR need to address cyber sickness problems and develop effective learning contents in order to realize its potential for learning.

• Journal of Korean language education
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.367-402
• /
• 2017

The current study seeks to understand the multi-faceted desires of language learners through the theoretical lens of imagined communities (Norton, 2001). Particularly, the study focuses on the learners of Korean language-one of the less commonly taught languages in the U.S. that has received relatively less attention in previous literature on second language motivation. The study analyzed and compared the narratives told by eleven Korean language learners in a post-secondary language program, and identified four types of imagined communities: Communities of K-pop Culture, Communities of Professionals, Communities of Korean Family and Relatives, and Communities of ethnic Koreans. The study found that these imagined communities were not restricted to a specific region or an ethnic group but encompassed various populations connected through the use of Korean language. The study also found variability within what has been readily labelled as heritage motivation (or motivation related to heritage), as well as striking differences between heritage language learners and non-heritage language learners in terms of their scope of imagination.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.9-21
• /
• 2024

Deep learning has been developing rapidly in recent years, with many researchers working to utilize large language models in various domains. However, there are practical difficulties that developing and utilizing language models require massive data and high-performance computing resources. Therefore, in-context learning, which utilizes prompts to learn efficiently, has been introduced, but there needs to be clear criteria for effective prompts for learning. In this study, we propose a methodology for enhancing prompt-based learning performance by improving the PET technique, which is one of the contextual learning methods, to select PVPs that are similar to the context of existing data. To evaluate the performance of the proposed methodology, we conducted experiments with 30,100 restaurant review datasets collected from Yelp, an online business review platform. We found that the proposed methodology outperforms traditional PET in all aspects of accuracy, stability, and learning efficiency.