• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.173-184
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• 2019

Variations in grain size distribution and clay mineral assemblage are closely related to the sedimentary facies that reflect depositional conditions during the glacial and interglacial periods. Gravity cores BS17-GC15 and BS17-GC04 were collected from the continental shelf and rise in the eastern Bellingshausen Sea during a cruise of the ANA07D Cruise Expedition by the Korea Polar Research Institute in 2017. Core sediments in BS17-GC15 consisted of subglacial diamicton, gravelly muddy sand, and bioturbated diatom-bearing mud from the bottom to the top sediments. Core sediments in BS17-GC04 comprised silty mud with turbidites, brownish structureless mud, laminated mud, and brownish silty bioturbated diatom-bearing mud from the bottom to the top sediments. The clay mineral assemblages in the two core sediments mainly consisted of smectite, chlorite, illite, and kaolinite. The clay mineral contents in core GC15 showed a variation in illite from 28.4 % to 44.5 % in down-core changes. Smectite contents varied from 31.1 % in the glacial period to 20 % in the deglacial period and 25.1 % in the interglacial period. Chlorite and kaolinite contents decreased from 40.5 % in the glacial period to 30.3 % in the interglacial period. The high contents of illite and chlorite indicated a terrigenous detritus supply from the bedrocks of the Antarctic Peninsula. Core GC04 from the continental rise showed a decrease in the average smectite content from 47.2 % in the glacial period to 20.6 % in the interglacial period, while the illite contents increased from the 21.3 % to 43.2 % from the glacial to the interglacial period. The high smectite contents in core GC04 during the glacial period may be supplied from Peter I Island, which has a known smectite-rich sediment contributed by Antarctic Circumpolar Currents. Conversely, the decrease in smectite and increase in chlorite and illite contents during the interglacial period was likely caused by a higher supply of chlorite- and illite-enriched sediment from the eastern Bellingshausen Sea shelf by the southwestward flowing contour current.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.317-330
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• 2009

Research was initiated to investigate germination vigor, number of leaves, plant height and turfgrass density. A total of 18 treatment combinations were used in the study. Treatments were made of soil organic amendment(SOA), sand, and water-absorbing polymer. Germination vigor, leaf number, plant height and turfgrass density were evaluated in Kentucky bluegrass(KB) grown under greenhouse conditions. Significant differences were observed in germination vigor, leaf number, plant height and turfgrass density among 18 mixtures of SOA and polymer. Highest germination rate was associated with mixture of SOA 20% + sand 80% + polymer 0%, resulting in 56.3% for KB. Number of leaves at 60 DAS(days after seeding) were greater with KB over PR, while plant height higher with PR over KB. Leaf number increased with SOA, being SOA 20% > SOA 100% > SOA 10% and with polymer from 0 to 12%. Plant height was greatest with SOA 20% and lowest with SOA 100%. Greater density was observed with PR rather than KB due to longer plant height. Turf density was best under SOA 10% and poorest under SOA 100% in KB. A further research would be required for investigating the individual effect of K-SAM, Ca, perlite on the turf growth characteristics.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.331-344
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• 2009

Buffalograss is an important turfgrass species with excellent cold, heat, and drought tolerance. Understanding the physiological integration of buffalograss under heterogeneous conditions helps to develop cultural practices that better use limited resources for uniform turf quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate physiological integration of buffalograss under water deficit stress and the involvement of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in the process. In one experiment, buffalograss was planted in the center of a four-compartment growth unit. Watering frequencies, once a week(+) and once in two weeks(-), were combined with the sand(S) or peat(P) in each unit to generate five total treatments(P+S-P-S+, P+P+P+P+, S-S-S-S-, P-P-P-P-, and S+S+S+S+). The average number of shoot established from the heterogeneous root-zone medium was higher than the average of four possible homogeneous media. In second experiment, single ramet in Hoagland solution($S_0$) or single ramet in Hoagland solution with 20% PEG-6000($S_s$) were compared with two connectedramets under different treatments. Treatments for connected ramets were young ramet in Hoagland solution($Y_{os}$) and old ramet in Hoagland solution with 20% PEG-6000($O_{os}$), and old ramet in Hoagland solution($O_{ys}$) and young ramet in Hoagland solution with 20% PEG-6000($Y_{ys}$). Lipid peroxidation, antioxidants, and proline showedphysiological integration between ramets subjected to different levels of water stress. Superoxide dismutase(SOD), Guaiacol peroxidase(G-POD), malondialdehyde(MDA), and free proline also showed different time courses and relative activities during the physiological integration.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.89-95
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• 2002

We screened biotic and abiotic preventative,i(preventers) from natural resources to prevent the rusty phenomenon in ginseng roots. To select preventatives(preventers), soil microbes such as Agrobacterium and certain microbes isolated from the rusty ginsengs and the soil in which the rusty ginsengs were planted and used. It is also performed with germination tests of the seeds of Latuca Sativa L. We identified that how selected preventatives(preventers) effect the germination of ginseng seeds. Furthermore, how these influence on the rusty phenomenon and the growth of 1 -year-old ginsengs treated in the pavement. The final preventatives; ICPE-C1$\sub$05/, ICPE-P$\^$107/ were effective in not only the growth of ginseng, but also inhibition of the rusty phenomenon. Moreover, we selected abiotic soil improvers; called P, R, and W, respectively; to promote the effects of preventatives. R and W was excellented among choring improvers. The germination rate of 2-year-old ginsengs treated with ICPE-C$\sub$105/P, and ICPE-P$\sub$107/P was the highest under the effects of naturally selected preventatives mixing with abiotic soil improvers. All treat which was compounding preventers & improvers were so excellented of growth ginseng. Especially treats of ICPE-C$\sub$105/R and ICPE-P$\sub$107/R showed growth increased of each 67.3% and 52.7% As well, the growth of ginseng was the highest in the treatment of ICPE-C$\sub$105/R, and ICPE-P$\sub$105/R. Though rusty of rate was emerged 35% in control, preventers ICPE-C$\sub$105/R and ICPE-P$\sub$107/R were emerged 5.3%. It was affirmed effective of preventer. On the other hands, amounts of ginsenoside treated with preventatives showed to be changed. The ginsenoside was increased to 14.2% with treatment with ICPE-P$\sub$107/R which is highest among groups compared to control, and ICPE-C$\sub$105/P was increased to 5.0%. To sum up with total results, it is judged that biotic preventatives (ICPE-C$\sub$105/R, and ICPE-P$\sub$107/R) which we created improve both a high yield of ginseng and the inhibition of the rusty phenomenon. phenomenon.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.389-397
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• 2007

Using the active-increment of Tos17 copies in the genome of Oryza sativa L., there were many studies about induction and selection of new mutants. This study mainly focuses on the induction for retrotransposon(Tos17) activity in the callus of Ilpumbyeo(Oryza sativa L.) according to varied culture period and condition. The objectives of this study are obtaining various mutants($M_1$) through plant regeneration, identification of the mutation relation with Tos17, and subsequent phenotyping of the mutants($M_2,\;M_3$). A total of 371 $M_1$ mutants was obtained. The degree of Tos17 activity obtained regeneration plants with each different culture period was evaluated by Southern blot analysis. The result showed that control Ilpumbyeo rice has 5 numbers of copies and the band numbers obtained 7, 8, 9.5, 12, 6, 13.5, 17.5 from culture period of 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 month, respectively. In this study, the result showed that most effectual culture period for activity of Tos17 in Ilpumbyeo rice is 5 month. Hereafter, collections and analysis of various recombination plants will act on an important factor in multiplication and preservation of $M_2$ and $M_3$ generation. And an urgent and important subject is a development of screening method for selection of diverse mutants.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.383-392
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• 2021

It has been known that oyster mushrooms cultivated in facilities with thermal insulation have been strongly affected by inner environments. Forced air-circulation fans exert much direct influence on disturbing air inside the facility so the matter is of particular interest. This study is carried out to investigate the measured levels of air uniformity in a cultivation facility for oyster mushroom in the various cases that reversibly controlled air-circulation fans which drove the flow in the upward and reverse direction by turn and unidirectional fans by which the wind blew upwards only were operated from July 1 to 10. The actual survey for the selection of ongoing operation cases presented that farmers, even though there were some discrepancies, have made use of fans in a way that it paused for 5-30min after running for 5-15min by turn. The level of air uniformity in the case of adopting reversible fans revealed a slight difference of 1.4-1.8℃ (Temp.) and 7.8-8.7% (R.H.) under the condition of not using a cooler during the investigation period. By contrast, unidirectional fans showed a noticeable difference of 3.2-3.7℃ and 14.0-15.4%, which meant that air uniformity driven by reversible fans much more increased compared to that for unidirectional fans. Among the twenty operational applications considered for reversible fans, the circumstance that the wind blew upwards for 10-15min and ceased for 5-10min and blew again in the reverse direction for 10-15min in succession gave minor improvements at the level of air uniformity, but at present there was somewhat difficult to make decision on which cases were optimally best. It seems necessary that the effects of reversible fans on air uniformity as well as qualities of oyster mushrooms have to be appraised in the cultivation period and the flow visualization needs to be done to ascertain the performance of air mixture.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.157-167
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• 2021

Lead (Pb) is one of the key trace elements, exhibiting a peculiar partitioning behavior into silicate melts in contact with minerals. Partitioning behaviors of Pb between silicate mineral and melt have been known to depend on melt composition and thus, the atomic structures of corresponding silicate liquids. Despite the importance, detailed structural studies of Pb-bearing silicate melts are still lacking due to experimental difficulties. Here, we explored the effect of lead content on the atomic structures, particularly the evolution of silicate networks in Pb-bearing sodium metasilicate ([(PbO)_x(Na₂O)_1-x]·SiO₂) glasses as a model system for trace metal bearing natural silicate melts, using ²⁹Si solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. As the PbO content increases, the ²⁹Si peak widths increase, and the maximum peak positions shift from -76.2, -77.8, -80.3, -81.5, -84.6, to -87.7 ppm with increasing PbO contents of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.67, 0.86, and 1, respectively. The ²⁹Si MAS NMR spectra for the glasses were simulated with Gaussian functions for Qⁿ species (SiO₄ tetrahedra with n BOs) for providing quantitative resolution. The simulation results reveal the evolution of each Qⁿ species with varying PbO content. Na-endmember Na₂SiO₃ glass consists of predominant Q² species together with equal proportions of Q¹ and Q³. As Pb replaces Na, the fraction of Q² species tends to decrease, while those for Q¹ and Q³ species increase indicating an increase in disproportionation among Qⁿ species. Simulation results on the ²⁹Si NMR spectrum showed increases in structural disorder and chemical disorder as evidenced by an increase in disproportionation factor with an increase in average cation field strengths of the network modifying cations. Changes in the topological and configurational disorder of the model silicate melt by Pb imply an intrinsic origin of macroscopic properties such as element partitioning behavior.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.10
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• pp.885-897
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• 2021

Schisandrae Fructus (SF) and Corni Fructus (CF) have been used for a long time for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Although reports have highlighted the possibility of inhibiting the onset and progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), studies on related mechanisms are still lacking. In this study, we investigated the potential of SF and CF in improving BPH by using a dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-induced in vitro BPH model using LNCaP prostate carcinoma cells. According to our results, water and ethanol extracts of SF and CF significantly inhibited the proliferation of LNCaP cells by DHT treatment and markedly downregulated the expression of DHT-induced BPH biomarkers and growth factors. They also regulated the expression of apoptosis regulatory factors and significantly reduced DHT-mediated oxidative stress. In addition, the protective effect on major factors involved in the pathogenesis of BPH was more effective in the ethanol extract treatment group than in the water extract group. Furthermore, the improvement effect on BPH was higher in the 1:1 combined treatment group than in the ethanol extract alone treatment group of SF and CF, and 60% ethanol extracts showed a better effect than 40% ethanol extracts. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that SF and CF can protect against BPH by preventing the hyperproliferation of prostate cells through the inhibition of the androgen signaling pathway, which was correlated with their antioxidant activities. Therefore, SF and CF extracts may be useful in the clinical treatment of BPH, and the combination of these two extracts can be synergistic.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.50
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• pp.313-346
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• 2018

It is noted that generally speaking, the expressing of actualization or non-actualization of events is not the main role of possibility for the utilization of expressions. In spite of this fact, it is possible to see many examples in which possibility expressions represent actual events, and impossibility expressions represent a type of non-actualization in relation to events. This effect can be described as a semantic extension, by which the participant-internal possibility is extended to actualization due to participant-internal factors, and the participant-external possibility is extended to the actualization due to participant-external factors. When the related possibility expressions are used in this extended sense, they express the dynamic evaluative meaning of 'desirability' of the realized event, while it is determined that when the impossibility expressions are used in this extended sense, they are seen to express the evaluative meaning of 'regretfulness' about the non-actualization of the event. In Modern Japanese, it is noted that there are a few expressions of ability and possibility. They can be largely divided into four types of expressions, according to their origins or uses of expression, which are 'ability verbs', affixes '-れる/られる(-reru/rareru)', '-できる(-dekiru)', and '-得る(-eru)'. They can all express participant-internal possibility and participant-external non-deontic possibility. While 'ability verbs', affixes '-れる/られる' and '-できる' can express participant-external deontic possibility, '-得る' cannot. However, '-得る' is the only possible element to designate the event of a epistemic possibility. Also, the four types of expressions have the usage of conveying 'actualization/non-actualization,' as is the case of the Korean language. However in Japanese, in fact adjectives cannot be associated with 'ability verbs' or 'ability affixes.' Thus the expressions of 'regrets' should in that case depend on the use contexts, unlike the expression 'adj+-지 못하다' as noted in Korean. The ability and possibility in Modern Chinese are mainly expressed by means of the four auxiliary verbs '能($n{\acute{e}}ng$)', '会(huì)', '可以(kěyǐ)' and '可能 ($k{\check{e}}n{\acute{e}}ng$)'. '能' and '会' along with '可以' can all convey participant-internal possibility. In this way '能' and '可以' can express participant-external possibility. Only '会' and '可能' can express epistemic possibility. As for 'actualization,' among the four auxiliary verbs, only '能' can represent actualization. Also, among the negatives of the four auxiliary verbs, only '沒能' can represent non-actualization.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.117
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• pp.327-354
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• 2011

This study has a key assumption that 'characteristics of discouse can be found in not its inside, but its outside'. The prism through which we can see those characteristics was provided by Foucault and Bakhtin who were introduced in the study. As an effort co probe the outside of discourse, the study is briefed 'the three attributes of discourse' that were suggested by Foucault First, discourse has the principle of selection and exclusion, which is based on power relations. Second, discourse is not transparent at all since it is always offensive towards other discourses and defensive against selected ones Third, discourse which is naturally accepted because of its dailiness had a deep structure secretly hidden in it. Based on the above attributes, Foucault and Bakhtin paid their attention to the outside of discourse. Specifically, they considered discourse fundamentally and went beyond it, and reflected the procedures of discourse. This study focused on 'Socrates', something common in the two scholars' works with discourse. In dealing with discourse, Bakhtin started with 'Socratic dialogue' that is based on the dialogic nature of human thoughts which purse the truth. For Foucault, it was Socrates who had the 'courage to cell the truth' and practiced 'self-consideration'. According to Foucault, the ethics of self-practice originated from the philosopher. The ethics is neither the precise representation of individual life that is withdrawn towards the inner self, nor the skills of happiness. It is just relational and cross-sectional. For a better understanding, this study pointed out that Kafka created a variety of 'dialogic voices' focusing on the outside of discourse. Dialogues found in his writings are 'interminable dialogues' that truly 'communicate with different times and different spaces'. For example, his novel, 'Der Prozess' opens the possibility of discussing in various ways the court which is look beyond conventions and extraordinary. Kafka's novels have a structure that their starting point found at the introduction reappears at the termination, presenting multi-vocal dialogues.