• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.159-161
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• 2011

항만국통제제도는 기항지국별로 항만국통제를 시행하던 것이 지역별로 협력체제를 구축하여 기준미달선 제거를 위해 노력하게 되었다. 하지만 지역협력체제에 법적 구속력이 없어 한계성을 보이고 있으므로 조약화하는 것이 기준미달선을 제거하는 최선의 방법이 될 것이다. 지역협력체제 MOU는 실질적 구속력이 없어 한계성을 보이고 있으므로 강제화한다면 항만국통제 목적을 달성할 것이고 이것이 확대되면 범세계적으로 기준미달선은 제거되고 해상안전과 해양환경보호는 달성될 것이다.

• 발명특허
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• v.18 no.8 s.210
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• pp.43-48
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• 1993

• 발명특허
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• v.18 no.7 s.209
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• pp.52-55
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• 1993

• 발명특허
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• v.18 no.6 s.208
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• pp.35-39
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• 1993

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.261-284
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• 2018

The current international legal system does not provide a safeguard against the militarization and the weaponization of outer space. Although the term "peaceful use of outer space" in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty(OST) appears in official government statements or in multilateral space treaties, it is still without an authoritative definition in reviewing national practices. The ambiguous ban on weapons in Article IV of the OST allows countries to loophole on the deployment of other weapons other than nuclear weapons. Meanwhile "Draft Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapon in Outer Space and of the Threat or Use of Force against Outer Space Objects(PPWT)" to Conference on Disarmament (CD) commissioned by the UN General Assembly's Special Session jointly submitted by China and Russia in 2008 and later revised in 2014, attempting to define and prohibit the proliferation of weapons in outer space and provided definitions of prohibited weapons, are opposed by the US on the grounds that currently there is no arms race in outer space. Some experts support a hard law approach in which binding laws aimed at ultimately creating integrated and binding legal instruments in all aspects of the use of outer space should be adopted to regulate the military use of space. However as a temporary measure the soft law guidelines should be developed for the non liquiet, a situation where there is no applicable law. The soft law could be used to create support for the declaration of the treaties and to create international customary law. For example, the 1963 Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space that regulates the activities of the state in the exploration and use of the universe, and the 1992 Principles Relevant to the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space will illustrated. While substantial portions of the former was codified later in the 1967 OST, the latter which, although written in somewhat mandatory terms, have been consistently complied with by states, have arguably become part of customary international law. On November 12, 1974, the General Assembly reaffirmed that the development of international law may be reflected inter alia, by declarations and resolutions of the General Assembly which may to that extent be taken into consideration by the International Court of Justice.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.303-325
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• 2015

The latest slogan put forth by the international space community is the safety, security, and sustainability of outer space activities. The security of outer space activities, in particular, would be defined as the secure state from space-based threats. The latter comprises passive threats (such as collision with other satellites and space debris) and aggressive threats (such as electromagnetic interference, arms race on the earth or in outer space, and military attacks). Has outer space been used for military purposes in practice? If so, does international law regulate the military space activities it? The use of outer space for military purposes is referred to as space militarization and space weaponisation. Satellites has been used in Gulf War, Kosovo War, and Afghan War, recently, and research and development on space weapons are under way. Since only the placement of weapons of mass destruction on orbit around the earth is prohibited in accordance with 1967 Outer Space Treaty, it may be asked whether other weapons may be placed on orbit. It will be necessary to analyze the stance of on the above question, by studying UN space-related treaties including UN Charter. New international space norms represented by PPWT, ICoC, and UN GGE Report are at the center of progressive development of international law. In conclusion, the author will signpost the various points on international norms to be codified on the use of outer space for military purposes.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.223-258
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• 2013

1967 Outer Space Treaty(Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies; OST) is a treaty that forms the basis of international space law. OST is based on the 1963 Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space announced by UNGA resolution. As of May 2013, 102 countries are states parties to OST, while another 27 have signed the treaty but have not completed ratification. OST explicitly claimed that the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies are the province of all mankind. Art. II of OST states that "outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means", thereby establishing res extra commercium in outer space like high seas. However 1979 Moon Agreement stipulates that "the moon and its natural resources are the Common Heritage of Mankind(CHM)." Because of the number of the parties to the Moon Agreement(13 parties) it does not affect OST. OST also established its specific treaties as a complementary means such as 1968 Rescue Agreement, 1972 Liability Convention, 1975 Registration Convention. OST bars states party to the treaty from placing nuclear weapons or any other weapons of mass destruction in orbit of Earth, installing them on the Moon or any other celestial body, or to otherwise station them in outer space. It exclusively limits the use of the Moon and other celestial bodies to peaceful purposes and expressly prohibits their use for testing weapons of any kind, conducting military maneuvers, or establishing military bases, installations, and fortifications. However OST does not prohibit the placement of conventional weapons in orbit. China and Russia submitted Draft Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapon in Outer Space and of the Threat or Use of Force against Outer Space Objects(PPWT) on the Conference on Disarmament in 2008. USA disregarded PPWT on the ground that there are no arms race in outer space. OST does not have some articles in relation to current problems such as space debris, mechanisms of the settlement of dispute arising from state activities in outer space in specific way. COPUOS established "UN Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines" based on "IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines" and ILA proposed "International Instrument on the Protection of the Environment from Damage Caused by Space Debris" for space debris problems and Permanent Court of Arbitration(PCA) established "Optional Rules for Arbitration of Disputes Relating to Outer Space Activities" and ILA proposed "1998 Taipei Draft Convention on the Settlement of Space Law Dispute" for the settlement of dispute problems. Although OST has shortcomings in some articles, it is very meaningful in international law in considering the establishment of basic principles governing the activities of States in the exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies. OST established the principles governing the activities of states in the exploration and use of outer space as customary law and jus cogens in international law as follows; the exploration and use of outer space shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interests of all countries and shall be the province of all mankind; outer space shall be free for exploration and use by all States; outer space is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means. The principles of global public interest in outer space imposes international obligations erga omnes applicable to all States. This principles find significant support in legal norms dealing with following points: space activities as the "province of all mankind"; obligation to cooperate; astronauts as envoys of mankind; avoidance of harmful contamination; space activities by States, private entities and intergovernmental organisations; absolute liability for damage cauesd by certain space objects; prohibition of weapons in space and militarization of the celestial bodies; duty of openness and transparency; universal application of the international space regime.

• Life and Agrochemicals
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• s.266
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• pp.26-29
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• 2011

한 중 일간 식품안전관련 법력의 구체화를 위해서는 식품안전협력조약의 실효성 확보 협력 사업 다양화와 국가별 맞춤형 상호협력 수요 발굴, 수입국 현지 지원체계 마련이 필요하다.

• 전기의세계
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• v.46 no.7
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• pp.43-44
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• 1997

우리나라는 원전연료로 사용되는 우라늄의 부존량이 매우 적을 뿐 아니라 품위가 낮아 경제성이 없으므로 정광을 외국에서 도입할 수 밖에 없으며, 원전연료 제조과정중 가장 중요한 단계인 농축 또한 핵무기 비확산에 관한 조약 등 국내외의 정치적 여건상 기술자립에 제약을 받고 있어 외국에 의존할 수 밖에 없는 실정이다. 이에 따라, 정부는 국내 기술자립에 제약을 받지 않는 성형가공 부문의 국산화를 추진하는 한편 해외의 우라늄광산 개발참여 등을 통해 원전연료의 안정적 확보에 힘쓰고 있다. 정부는 '79년 9월 원전연료 국산화 사업추진을 결정하였으며, '80년 12월에는 세부추진계획을 확정하였는데 그 기본방침은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 경수로연료는 외국과의 합작투자 방식으로 국산화하며, 둘째, 중수로 연료는 자체기술개발에 의해 국산화를 추진한다는 것이다.

• 발명특허
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• v.7 no.8 s.78
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• pp.13-18
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• 1982

특허청은 공업소유권제도의 국제화 추세에 따라 특허협력 조약(PCT)에 가입하는 것을 전제로 특허출원절차의 국제협력 및 기술정보의 확산을 통한 국내기술개발을 촉진하기 위하여 필요한 국내적조치로써 특허법중 개정법률안을 다음과 같이 마련하였다. 또한 부실특허권의 행사로부터 선의의 피해자를 보호하기 위하여 특허권효력의 일시정지에 관한 규정도 개정법안에 신설하고 있다.