• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.118-127
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• 2010

Resistivity logging instruments are designed to measure the electrical resistivity of a formation, and this can be directly interpreted to provide a water-saturation profile. However, resistivity logs are sensitive to borehole and shoulder-bed effects, which often result in misinterpretation of the results. These effects are emphasised more in the presence of tool eccentricity. For precise interpretation of short- and long-normal logging measurements in the presence of tool eccentricity, we simulate and analyse eccentricity effects by combining the use of a Fourier series expansion in a new system of coordinates with a 2D goal-oriented high-order self-adaptive hp finite-element refinement strategy, where h denotes the element size and p the polynomial order of approximation within each element. The algorithm automatically performs local mesh refinement to construct an optimal grid for the problem under consideration. In addition, the proper combination of h and p refinements produces highly accurate simulations even in the presence of high electrical resistivity contrasts. Numerical results demonstrate that our algorithm provides highly accurate and reliable simulation results. Eccentricity effects are more noticeable when the borehole is large or resistive, or when the formation is highly conductive.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.528-531
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• 2003

안산시 단원구 대부동, 보령시 청소면 장곡리와 서천군 비인면 선도리의 해안가 4곳에서 전기비저항 탐사를 이용하여 해수침투 조사용 관측정 주변의 대수층구조와 해수침투여부를 파악하고자 하였다. 공내수의 심도별 전기전도도를 확인 해본 결과, 4개의 조사공에서 180-48,000$\mu$S/cm의 각기 다른 값을 보였으며, 전기비저항 검층의 결과에서는 16인치 Short-Normal 검층 0.5-19.28$\Omega$m, 64인치 Long-Normal 검층 1.36-47.45$\Omega$m 그리고 Lateral 검층에서는 0.16-6.69$\Omega$m의 값의 분포를 보였다. 이를 통해 해수에 의해 지하수 및 주변 지질이 완전히 오염된 관측정과 우려되거나 아직 해수침투가 일어나지 않은 관측정을 구분할 수가 있었다. 또한 시추공-지표간 토모그래피를 통해 관측정 주변의 개략적인 수리지질 구조도 파악할 수 있었다.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.259-267
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• 2010

Resistivity logging instruments were designed to measure electrical resistivity of formation, which can be directly interpreted to provide water-saturation profile. Short and long normal logging measurements are made under groundwater level. In some investigation sites, groundwater level reaches to a depth of a few meters. It has come to attention that the proximity of groundwater level might distort short and long normal logging readings, when the measurements are made near groundwater level, owing to the proximity of an insulating air. This study investigates the effects of the proximity of groundwater level (and also the proximity of earth surface) on the normal by simulating normal logging measurements near groundwater level. In the simulation, we consider all the details of real logging situation, i.e., the presence of wellbore, the tool mandrel with current and potential electrodes, and currentreturn and reference-potential electrodes. We also model the air to include the earth’'s surface in the simulation rather than the customary choice of imposing a boundary condition. To obtain apparent resistivity, we compute the voltage, i.e., potential difference between monitoring and reference electrodes. For the simulation, we use a twodimensional, goal-oriented and high-order self-adaptive hp finite element refinement strategy (h denotes the element size and p the polynomial order of approximation within each element) to obtain accurate simulation results. Numerical results indicate that distortion on the normal logging is greater when the reference potential electrode is closer to the borehole and distortions on long normal logging are larger than those on short normal logging.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.09a
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• pp.55-71
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• 2005

Jeju Island is mainly composed of basaltic lava flows and subordinate amounts of volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks. Jeju Province operates the monitoring wells for seawater intrusion problems around Jeju Island to evaluate of groundwater resources in coastal area. Various surveys and monitoring have been performed in boreholes, and also conventional geophysical well loggings conducted to identify basalt sequences and assess seawater intrusion problems. Various conventional geophysical well logs, including radioactive logs, electrical log, caliper log, and temperature and conductivity log and heat-pulse flowmeter log were obtained in 29 boreholes. The results of geophysical well loggings for saturated rocks are interesting and consistent. Natural gamma logs are useful in basalt sequences to sedimentary interbeds, unconsolidated U formation, and seoguipo formation with higher natural gamma log regardless of saturated or unsaturated basalts. Neutron logs are very effective to discriminate among individual lava flows, flow breaks, and sedimentary interbeds in saturated formation. In hyalocastite, porosity is high and resistivity is low, and we think that hyalocastite is a major pathway of fluid flow. In trachybasalt, porosity has a wide range and resistivity is high. In sedimentary interbeds, unconsolidated U formation and seoguipo formation, porosity is high and resistivity is low. The temperature logs in eastern area in Jeju are useful to interpret the hydrogeological unit and evaluate seawater intrusion in Suan area.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.258-262
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• 2003

연안지역에서 해수침투대의 평가를 위하여 다양한 물리검층을 수행하였다. 특히, 해수침투대의 정량적인 평가에 활용될 수 있는 지층의 공극측정은 매우 어려운 문제중의 하나이다. 연안지역의 경우, 미고결지층에 대한 불교란 시료 채취가 어렵고 대부분의 관측정은 시추공 붕락방지를 위하여 내경 50mm 의 PVC 케이싱을 설치하는 경우가 많기 때문에 공극의 측정은 현실적으로 많은 어려움이 따른다. 본 연구에서는 전남 영광지역에서 각종 조사목적으로 굴착한 시추공에서 다양한 물리검층을 수행하여 공내수의 높은 전기전도도가 기원하는 지층을 확인하고자 하였다. 전자유도검층과 공극검층을 수행한 시추공(YK-4호공)에 대한 해석결과, 공내수의 높은 전기전도도는 물리검층법으로 추정한 사질층 공극수와 비슷한 범위를 보였다. 물리검층법으로 추정한 공극이나 높은 염수를 보이는 구간에 대한 해석결과는 보완해야할 많은 부분이 있지만 제한된 현장 상황에서 조사결과의 불화실성을 줄이는데 많은 기여를 할 것으로 기대된다.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.231-240
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• 2006

A variety of geophysical well loggings have been conducted to investigate the geological characteristics for basaltic volcanic area in Jeju Island. Specially, there is no precedent case study using geophysical well loggings in Jeju Island. And so, the proper understandings for geological features of Jeju Island are the key to interpret geophysical well logs. Presently, seawater intrusion monitoring systems have been constructed for systematic development and conservation of groundwater resources. As the results of geophysical well loggings in this seawater intrusion monitoring boreholes, the responses of well logs for saturated zone have distinctly identified basalt sequences. In particular, neutron logging, gamma-gamma (density) logging, and resistivity logging have well exhibited the characteristics of lava flows and lithologic boundaries. In hyalocastite, porosity is high, and resistivity is low. Eventually, geophysical well logs are useful for securing sustainable development of groundwater in Jeju Island in that it has identified the characteristics of geological responses.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.525-534
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• 2022

This investigation used two different geophysical logging techniques to confirm the depth to which a sheet pile was driven. Depth was estimated through analysis of the movement speed and three-component movement directions of a P-wave transmitted through the ground. It was also estimated by pole-pole and pole-dipole methods using electrical data logging to measure apparent resistivity. The two methods' respective results were 9.0 m (±1.5 m) and 7.5 m. As field ground conditions will include mixtures of various materials, electrical data logging is judged to be suitable for assessing depth due to its low signal-to-noise ratio.

• Proceedings of the KSEG Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.155-160
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• 2002

지구물리검층기법을 이용하여 시추공 내에서 수리상수를 결정을 위한 예비연구의 하나로 모형시추공을 이용한 전기전도도 검층기법의 적용을 시도하였다. 실험은 모형 시추공 내에 전기전도도가 다른 지층수를 유입, 유출시키면서 공내수의 전기전도도 변화를 모니터링하는 방법으로 이루어졌다. 실험 결과, 전기전도도 분포의 변화 양상은 단위 시간당 유량과, 공내수와 지층수의 전기전도도 차, 밀도 차에 의하여 크게 영향받는 것으로 나타났으며 모형 시추공 내에서의 전기도도 변화는 매우 일정한 경향을 보였다. 모형 시추공 내에서의 전기도도 변화는 유량의 변화와 매우 좋은 상관이 얻어졌으며 이로부터 투수계수 유도를 위한 모델 방정식이 유도될 수 있었다. 전기전도도검층 기법은 시추공 내에서의 투수계수를 구하는데 있어서 매우 효과적일 방법이 될 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.369-376
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• 2007

Electrical resistivity tomography was carried out at seawater intrusion monitoring wells located at watershed in coastal areas. It is difficult to identify the characteristics of resistivity near monitoring well in case of using high signalto-noise ratio array due to the high conductivity condition in coastal aquifer although electrical resistivity survey is well adopted to delineate hydrogeological characteristics with the distribution of electrical resistivity. To improve the quality of electrical resistivity survey for two sites with seawater intrusion monitoring wells, inversion with the results of holeto-surface electrical resistivity tomography using single well was executed. The results of inversion for aquifer near wells were verified with the results of drilling log with the informations of fracture, electrical conductivity logging and normal resistivity logging. The inversion for aquifer near one of two wells was also performed at low and high tide with the same electrodes, respectively. From the inversion result, it is possible to obtain the resistivity images with high resolution and to identify the characteristics of aquifer related to seawater intrusion with tidal fluctuation. From this study, it was demonstrated that the hole-to-surface electrical resistivity tomography method accompanied with drilling log, electrical conductivity logging and normal resistivity logging would be useful to delineate the hydrogeological structures near monitoring wells in coastal areas.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.261-273
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• 1998

Multiple well log analysis technique consisting of geophysical well log and geological core log has been made to analysis the discontinuities of a test borehole-PABH1 located in Pungam sedimentary basin, Sosok, Hongchon-gun, Kangwon Province. Well log methods consist of normal resistivity log, focussed log, single point resistance log, SP log, gamma log, natural gamma log as well as acoustic televiewer log and borehole television log. Core scanning technique was used as an aid for geological core log. The analysis was made by comparing firstly the televiewer and core discontinuities, and then the results from conventional geophysical log analysis were compared to those from core log and acoustic televiewer log. Fractures deduced from the acoustic televiewer log coincide well with discontinuities shown on the core and conventional geophysical logs. Particularly close coincidence could be observed between fractures derived from acoustic televiewer and conventional geophysical log analysis. It has been noted that the geophysical logs such as, caliper, resistivity, density and high resolution gamma gamma curves are effective in delineating the fractures. For example the ratio between density and resistivity (BRD/SHN) provides also an alternative indicator for discerning the fracture condition in the study area.