• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.389-394
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• 2006

The change of antioxidative character by germination of brown rice was evaluated. From the total methanolic extract of brown rice, 2.5 mm-germinated brown rice, and 5 mm-germinated brown rice, SOD-like activity and nitrite scavenging ability were identified as antioxidative character. SOD-like activities and nitrite scavenging abilities of all samples were changed dose-dependently and germination-dependently. After successive partitioning with hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and water, each fraction was tested for these activities. SOD-like activities of all fractions were increased by germination, and especially hexane fraction and EtOAc fraction of 5 mm-germinated brown rice had more strong activities than 50 ppm vitamin C. The $EC_{50}$ values of SOD-like activity showed a gradual decrease by germination and that of EtOAc fraction of 5 mm-germinated brown rice was 17 ppm, which was lower concentration than that of 50 ppm vitamin C. The $IC_{50}$ values of nitrite scavenging ability at PH 1.5 also underwent a great decrease by germination and germinated brown rice had the nitrite scavenging ability at lower concentration than brown rice. The results suggest that SOD-like activity and nitrite scavenging ability are thought to be enhanced by the germination effect.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.229-248
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• 2024

This investigated the hydrogeochemical and isotopic characteristics of geothermal waters, groundwaters, and surface waters in Dongrae-gu, Busan, South Korea, in order to determine the origins of the salinity components in the geothermal waters, and their formation mechanisms and heat sources The geothermal waters are Na-Cl-type, distinct from surrounding groundwaters (Na-HCO₃^- and, Ca-HCO₃^- (SO₄, Cl)-type) and surface waters (Ca-HCO₃(SO₄, Cl)-type). This indicates the geothermal waters formed at depth as compared with the groundwaters. δ¹⁸O and δD values of the geothermal waters are relatively depleted as compared with the groundwaters, due to altitude effects and deep circulation of the geothermal waters. Helium and neon isotope ratios (³ He/⁴He and, ⁴He/²⁰Ne) of the geothermal waters plot on a single mixing line between mantle (³He = 3.76~4.01%) and crust (⁴He = 95.99~96.24 %), indirectly suggesting that the heat source is due to the decay of radioactive elements in rocks. The geothermal reservoir temperatures were calculated using the silica-enthalpy and Giggenbach models, yielding values of 82~130℃, and the depth of the geothermal reservoir is estimated to be 1.7~2.9 km below the surface. The correlation between Cl/Na and Cl/HCO₃ for the Dongrae geothermal waters requires the input of salty water. The supply of saline composition is interpreted due to the dissolution of residual paleo-seawater.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 2011

To investigate the toxicological effects of ${\beta}$-glucan, we performed basic studying on ${\beta}$-glucan in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Standard endpoints in this study included mortality, clinical observations, changes of body weights, analysis on food consumption, ophthalmoscopic examination, hematologic examination, serum biochemistry, analysis of organ weights, gross anatomic pathology and histopathology. No clinical signs and mortality were observed in animals treated with beta-glucan throughout the experimental period. The average body weight of each treatment groups showed similar levels at end of experiment. There were no treatment-related changes in mortality, body weights changes, food consumption, ophthalmoscopic examination. Although there were statistically significant differences between the control and treated groups in some relative and absolute organ weights, and hematological and biochemical analysis, the data were in biologically normal ranges and did not show a dose-dependent manner. In the morphological change, hepatic tissue were not showed ballooning degeneration and irregular arrangement of hepatic cell in ${\beta}$-glucan treatment groups with control group. Also, organs weights (liver, heart, kidney and stomach) and hematological indices (WBC, RBC, Hb, Hct and Platelet) did not show statistically significant differences among the experimental groups. In summary of these results, there were no changes in mortality, mean body weight, clinical signs, food consumption. There were no changes in ophthalmological examination, hematology, blood chemistry, necropsy and histopathology. In conclusion, although further investigation of glucan should be performed in the functions registered in many ancient literatures, ${\beta}$-glucan is physiologically safe and may have potential as candidate food for human health.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.32-46
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• 2000

Hydrogeochemical and isotope ($\delta$$^{18}$ O, $\delta$D, $^3$H, $\delta$$^{13}$ C, $\delta$$^{34}$ S, $^{87}$ Sr/$^{86}$ Sr) studies of various kinds of waters (thermal groundwater, deep groundwater, shallow groundwater, and surface water) from the Yusung area were carried out in order to elucidate their geochemical characteristics such as distribution and behaviour of major/minor elements, geochemical evolution, reservoir temperature, and water-rock interaction of the thermal groundwater. Thermal groundwater of the Yusung area is formed by heating at depth during deep circlulation of groundwater and is evolved into Na-HCO$_3$type water by hydrolysis of silicate minerals with calcite precipitation and mixing of shallow groundwater. High NO$_3$contents of many thermal and deep groundwater samples indicate that the thermal or deep groundwaters were mixed with contaminated shallow groundwater and/or surface water. $\delta$$^{18}$ O and $\delta$D are plotted around the global meteoric water line and there are no differences between the various types of water. Tritium contents of shallow groundwater, deep groundwater and thermal groundwater are quite different, but show that the thermal groundwater was mixed with surface water and/or shallow groundwater during uprising to surface after being heated at depths. $\delta$$^{13}$ C values of all water samples are very low (average -16.3$\textperthousand$%o). Such low $\delta$$^{13}$ C values indicate that the source of carbon is organic material and all waters from the Yusung area were affected by $CO_2$ gas originated from near surface environment. $\delta$$^{34}$ S values show mixing properties of thermal groundwater and shallow groundwater. Based on $^{87}$ Sr/$^{86}$ Sr values, Ca is thought to be originated from the dissolution of plagioclase. Reservoir temperature at depth is estimated to be 100~1$25^{\circ}C$ by calculation of equilibrium method of multiphase system. Therefore, the thermal groundwaters from the Yusung area were formed by heating at depths and evolved by water-rock interaction and mixing with shallow groundwater.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.329-343
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• 2001

The deep environment and geochemical evolution of the Bugok geothennal waters, located in the Kyeongnam Province, was re-interpreted based on the hydrochemical and isotopic data published by Yun et al. (1998). The geothermal waters of the Bugok area is geochemically divided into three groups; Geothennal water I, II and III groups. Groups I and II are geochemically similar; high temperature (55.2-77.2$^{\circ}$C) and chemically belonging to Na-S04 types. However, pH and Eh values are a little different each other and Group II water is highly enriched in S04 compared to Group I water. Group III water, occurring from peripheral sites of the central part of the geothennal waters, shows temperature range of 29.3 to 47.0$^{\circ}$C and belongs to $Na-HCO_3-S0_4$ types. The deep environment and geochemical evolution of the Bugok geothennal waters, showing the diversity of geochemistry, can be interpreted as follows; I) Descending to great depth of meteoric waters that originated at high elevation and reacting with sediments and/or granites in depth. The $S0_4$ concentration of the waters has been increased by the dissolution of sulfate minerals in sediments. 2) During the continuous descending, the waters has met with the reduction environment, producing the $H_2S$ gas due to sulfate reduction. The waters has been heated up to 130$^{\circ}$C and the extent of water-rock reaction was increased. At this point, pH of waters are increased, S04 concentration decreased and calcite precipitated, therefore, the waters show the $Na-S0_4$ type. 3) Ascending of the geothennal waters along the flow path of fluids and mixing with less-deeply circulated waters. The $S0_4$ concentration is re-increased due to the oxidation of $H_2S$ gas and/or sulfide minerals in sediments. During continuous ascending, these geothennal waters are mixed with shallow groundwater.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.677-685
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• 1997

Thromboelastography(TEG) is the unique measure that gives rapid information about the whole clotting process. Simplifying the diagnosis of coagulopathy during operations, TEG can provide an adequate therapy for postoperative bleeding. Remarkable improvement in hemostasis after cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB) has been achieved by the treatment with proteinase inhibitor aprotinin, but the hemostatic mechanism of aprotinin during CPB is still unclear. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of aprotinin on coagulation system during CPB by using TEG. Forty patients who underwent CPB were divided into two groups: aprotinin(2u 106 kallikrein inhibition units, as a single dose into the cardiopulmonary bypass priming solution) treatment group(male 14, female 8, mean age=50.Byears) and no aprotinin treatment(control) group(male 10, female 8, mean age=53.4 years). TEG, activated clotting time, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, platelet counts, fibrinogen an (ibrinogen degradation product(FDP) concentrations were checked before and after CPB(30 minutes after neutralization of heparin effect by protamine sulfate). There was no significant difference in other conventional coagulation tests of two groups except postcardiopulmonary bypass FDP concentration in control group, which was significantly increased compared to that in aprotinin group(p<0.05). In TEG variables of both groups, clot formation time(K) and alpha $angle(\alpha^{\circ})$ were significantly increased and decreased, respectively, after CPB(p<0.05), but fibrinolytic index(LYS60) was not changed during CPB. In aprotinin group, reaction time(R) was decreased significantly after CPB(p<0.05) but maximum amplitude(MA) was not changed(p>0.05). On the contrary, R was not changed markedly but MA was decreased significantly in control group after CPB(p<0.05). This result shows that main change in coagulation system during CPB is not hyperfibrinolysis but cecrease in clot strength by platelet dys unction, and the main effect of aprotinin during cardiopulmonary bypass is the maintenance of clot strength to the pre-CPB level by the preservation of platelet function.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.643-664
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• 2004

This study aims to review what geographers have contributed to GIS industries and national needs. To-be-geographers and geographers are expected to meet the gap between what we have teamed in school and what we have to do after graduation. The characteristics of GIS industry in the 1990 are summarized with approximate evaluation of the contribution of geographers in each stage. Author introduced the requirement for the licenses of geomatics and geospatial engineering experts and the other licenses, which are important to get a job in GIS industry from 2003 to 2004. A set of questionnaire on the user's requirements was given to GIS people in private companies and public GIS research centers and analyzed. Author found that they put an emphasis on hands-on experiences and programming skills. no advantages or geography such as capability or integration and inter-disciplinary collaboration were not appreciated. The prospects for the GIS tend to be positive but the reflectance of the prospect was not accompanied by at the same degree of preference for geography. Most government strategies for the next ten years' GIS focus on new-growth leading industries. SWOT(strength, weakness, opportunity, threat) analysis of geography for GIS industry will give some directions such as telematics, regional marketing strategies with web-based GIS technology, location based service. That means intra-disciplinary study in geography will evoke the potentiality of GIS, compared with interdisciplinary studies.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.319-325
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• 2015

This study was carried out for examining the amount of ganoderic acid A, F, H from fruiting body extracts of the various Ganoderma species. The preserved Ganoderma species are extracted by using three kinds of solvent. Among them, five strains which have the large amount of ganoderic acid A, F, H were selected. First of all, Strains with the highest amount of ganoderic acid A were sorted out acorrding to solvent as follows. ASI 7013 has the highest amounts with 0.988 mg/g from D.W. extracts. And ASI 7023, 7059, 7026, 7060 were in order of content. In EtOH extracts, ASI 7037 has the highest amounts of ganoderic acid A with 0.940 mg/g. And ASI 7021, 7034, 7026, 7038 were in order of content. In MeOH extracts, ASI 7162 has the highest amounts with 0.833 mg/g. And ASI 7091, 7032, 7056, 7125 were in order of content. secondly, Strains with the highest amount of ganoderic acid F were sorted out acorrding to solvent as follows. ASI 7011 has the highest amounts with 0.722 mg/g from D.W. extracts. And ASI 7113, 7011, 7104 were in order of content. In EtoH extracts, ASI 7037 has the highest amounts with 0.811 mg/g. And ASI 7007, 7027, 7012, 7014 were in order of content. In MeoH extracts, ASI 7162 has the highest amounts with 0.833 mg/g. And ASI 7021, 7034, 7026, 7125 were in order of content. Finally, Strains with the highest amount of ganoderic acid H were sorted out acorrding to solvent as follows. ASI 7013 has the highest amounts with 0.985 mg/g in D.W. extracts. And ASI 7059, 7135, 7001, 7141 were in order of content. In EtoH extracts, ASI 7016 has the highest amounts with 2.842 mg/g. And ASI 7089, 7159, 7007, 7002 were in order of content. In MeoH extracts, ASI 7003 has the highest amounts with 6.969 mg/g. And ASI 7034, 7169, 7159, 7103 were in order of content.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.1017-1027
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• 1995

This study was attempted to investigate physicochemical properties, molecular structural properties of native and acid-treated chestnut starch and chestnut starch gel. The amylose content was 18.9% and X-ray diffraction pattern showed Cb type. Swelling power was increased abruptly in the range of $65^{\circ}C{\sim}75^{\circ}C$ but increased slowly after that and solubility was increased abruptly until $70^{\circ}C$ but increased slowly after that. In amylograms which have different heating temperatures, cooling viscosity at $50^{\circ}C$ was reduced as heating temperature was increased. In molecular structural properties of amylose, ${\lambda}_{max}$ was 640 nm, ${\beta}-amylolysis$ limit was 84.2% and the degree of polymerization was 951 and in those of amylopectin, ${\lambda}_{max}$ was 570 nm, ${\beta}-amylolysis$ limit was 58.2%, the degree of polymerization was 1371 and average chain length was 22.6. In gel chromatography elution profiles of starch and amylose, 4.0% and 11.5% of low molecular weight-molecules($<5{\times}10^5$) were leached out. In gel chromatography elution profiles of soluble starch, the higher heating temperature was, the more high molecular weight-starches were leached out. The elution profiles after debranching amylopectin with pullulanase showed 2.2 of the ratio of peakIII(DP 10-15) to peakII(DP 35-45). Acid hydrolysis extent of 2.2 N HCI-treated starch at $35^{\circ}C$ for 10 days was 96% and hydrolysis rate showed two step pattern which had border line at 4 days. In elution profiles of acid treated chestnut starch, amylopectin peak was disappeared compeletly after 6 hrs and converted short chains of DP 10-15. Amylose content was increased until 6 hrs but decreased after that. Hardness of starch gel made at $75^{\circ}C$ of heating temperature and cohesiveness of starch gel made at $85^{\circ}C$ of heating temperature were the highest. Retrogradation rate of starch gels were relatively high, especially for the starch gel made at $75^{\circ}C$ of heating temperature.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.301-307
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• 2007

To efficiently use Korean mung beans, the functional characteristics of mung bean powder(A), unhydrolyzed mung bean flour(B), and mung bean flour hydrolyzed under optimum conditions(C), were compared. The contents of protein, fat, carbohydrate, ash, and water, did not vary greatly with different treatment methods. The color values of (B) and (C) were similar, while the L value of (A) was higher than those of the other samples. Thereducing sugar content of (C) was highest at 292.63 mg%, while the total phenol contents of (A) and (C) were similar at 38.63 mg% and 38.38 mg%, respectively. The molecular weight of (A) was under 17 kDa by SDS-PAGE, and was lower than the molecular weights of the other samples (B, C), which generally ranged from 17 kDa to 72 kDa. The free sugar content of (C) was highest at 1,125.16 mg%, while (A) and (B) yielded values of 86.36 mg% and 54.20 mg%, respectively. Total free amino acid contents were in the order(C)(B)(A), and were 22,116.35 mg%, 2,731.29 mg%, and 578.54 mg%, respectively. The amino acid content of (C) was 8,231.42 mg% and was higher than those of (A) or(B). The DPPH free radical scavenging abilities of (A) and (C) were high, at 62.1% and 57.63%, respectively, while (B) showed a lower value at 19.26%. Fibrinolytic activity was highest(24.01%) in (C), and was 20.69% in (A) and 18.06% in (B). The above results indicate that mung bean flour hydrolyzed under optimal conditions (C) had the highest functional and quality characteristics, in comparisonh with unhydrolyzed flour (B) and mung bean powder (A). Diverse applications of hydrolyzed mung bean flour are anticipated.