• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.13
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• pp.13-19
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• 1976

본 고에서는 기후학연구의 동향을 대략 살펴보고자 한다. 우리나라 기후학연구의 시작은 해방과 한국동란의 긴 격동기를 거쳐 1960년대에 들어와서라고 할 수 있고, 본격적인 연구는 1970년대에 들어서면서라고 볼 수 있다. 연구분야에 있어서는 기후분류를 주로했던 초기단계에서 기후요소나 변동을 다루게 되었고 최근에는 기후지형, 수분수지, 기단기후, 체감기후등의 방향으로 관심이 높아졌다. 그러나 meso scale이나 micro scale의 연구가 개척되지 않고 macro scale의 기후연구에 머물러 있는 감이 있다. 60년대 후반에서 70년대 초반에 걸친 우리나라의 산업근대화나 인구의 증가, 급속한 도시화에 따라 중기후나 소기후 연구의 필요성이 높아졌고 특히 일약팽창하는 도시에 있어서의 기후환경의 연구는 현대생활에 불가피의 과제이다. 이 방면에 약간의 연구가 시작되기는 하였지만 아직도 많은 연구문제가 방치되어있다. 중.소기후의 연구에는 현재보다 훨씬 많은 관측망의 설치가 선행되어야 할 것이며 도시기후의 관측에는 관측계기나 관측에 따르는 재정적인 문제가 달려있다. 이와같은 분야의 연구는 연구 team의 문제도 있어 개인연구로서는 도저히 감당하기 어려운 분야이다. 따라서 연구기관이나 국가의 지원하에 도시기후의 공동연구가 추진되어야 할 것이다.

• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.75-97
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• 2015

Recently public institutions' debt is growing therefore it became an important issue to the level that the government concerns about the possibility of financial burden to reduce the debt. Especially debt of public enterprises in metropolitan areas was in a serious state where debt in late 2013 was 43.2 trillion, which takes approx. 58.4% of 73.9 trillion of debt of all local public enterprises. Sound financial state of local public enterprises is important to public enterprises in metropolitan areas and it may affect seriously financial stability of local governments when public enterprises have financial problems. However, land supply business to form local industrial complexes or local demand for development of public rental housing business always exist; and vitalizing local economy and creating jobs through these businesses are very necessary to develop the areas. However, for local economic development, industirial land business and public rental housing business are needed. In this study, Gwangju Metropolitan City Corporation Ltd is used as a case study to evaluate the local public financial soundness via debt management assessment i.e.(using) the feasibility analysis in the urban development and housing development. As an improvement measure following the result of analysis, for the enhancement of financial soundness of urban innovation corporation, the government and local government shall evaluate and differentiate market demand, price competitiveness, and infrastructure of new town land development project to improve accuracy of project feasibility analysis. Another important insight is that there should be local government-centered management of liabilities of the local government and local public enterprises with the integrated liability management system to reduce the liability of the corporation and solve the issue of debts for local government. This study is significant in that it has analyzed cases from the theoretical aspect to secure financial soundness of national and local public enterprises.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.115-134
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• 1991

The role of pension plans in the macroeconomy has been a subject of much interest for some years. It has come to be recognized that pension plans may alter basic macroeconomic behavior patterns. The net effects on both savings and labor supply are thus matters for speculation. The aim of the present paper is to provide quantitative results which may be helpful in attaching orders of magnitude to some of the possible effects. We are not concerned with the providing empirical evidence relating to actual behavior, but rather with deriving the macroeconomic implications for a alternative possibilities. The pension plan interacts with the economy and the population in a number of ways. Demographic variables may thus affect both the economic burden of a national pension plan and the ability of the economy to sustain the burden. The tax transfer process associated with the pension plan may have implications for national patterns of saving and consumption. The existence of a pension plan may have implications also for the size of the labor force, inasmuch as labor force participation rates may be affected. Changes in technology and the associated changes in average productivity levels bear directly on the size of the national income, and hence on the pension contribution base. The vehicle for the analysis is a hypothetical but broadly realistic simulation model of an economic- demographic system into which is inserted a national pension plan. All income, expenditure, and related aggregates are in real terms. The economy is basically neoclassical; full employment is assumed, output is generated by a Cobb-Douglas production process, and factors receive their marginal products. The model was designed for use in computer simulation experiments. The simulation results suggest a number of general conclusions. These may be summarized as follows; - The introduction of a national pension plan (funded system) tends to increase the rate of economic growth until cost exceeds revenue. - A scheme with full wage indexing is more expensive than one in which pensions are merely price indexed. - The rate of technical progress is not a critical element in determining the economic burden of the pension scheme. - Raising the rate of benefits affects its economic burden, and raising the age of eligibility may decrease the burden substantially. - The level of fertility is an element in determining the long-run burden. A sustained low fertility rate increases the proportion of the aged in total population and increases the burden of the pension plan. High fertility has inverse effects.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.80-105
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• 1995

Assuming that we introduced integration of medical insurance society for self-employed, this study was conducted to examine effects and results after the integration and to research more effective method for integration. To assess effects and results of the finacial status of 266 insurance societies after intergration, the data were obtained from "The Medical Insurance Program for Self-Employeds Statistical Yearbook in 1992". The major finding are as follows : 1. Three alternative integration proposals were made. First alternative proposal was consisted of 232 medical insurance societies, second was 187, and third was 115. 2. As the results of average number of the insured per insurance societies of medical insurance program for self-employed every alternative proposal, first was 88, 119 persons, second was 108, 576, and third was 178, 967 from 76, 576 persons of present socienties. 3. It was true that the more average size of societies increased, the more average administration expenditure per 1, 000 insured reduced. 4. The average size of societies grew bigger, the rate of general expenditure to general revenue more improved. Also, the rate of benefits to contributions was changed for better. But if not to have had correct analysis and precise preparation for integration, effects and results of integration were always not optiized. 5. According to results of simple regression formulas, it was proved that the more the average size of societies was increased, the more result was advantaged. 6. The law of majority and the economy of scale were applied in this study, and it was necessary to analyze and assess effectiveness and efficiency of integration. Therefore, when the integration of medical insurance societies for self-employeds will be performed, it must be taken into consideration. Among three alternative proposals, third was showed more effective alternative than anothe, second was presented more ineffective result than present system. To achieve more effective and efficient integration of regional medical insurance societies throughout the result of the regression formula on present cost curve, it is necessary to operate well-integrated societies and to know appropriative countermeasures of present situation of each societies. Also, for integrating regional medical insurance societies, it is necessary to continue more deep research through practical model activity and to investigate the effective size and managed method of the societies.societies.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.565-577
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was done to propose an improvement in the Nursing Fee Differentiation Policy to alleviate polarization of nursing staffing level among hospitals and to rectify the confusion of legally mandated standards between the Korean Medical Law and National Health Insurance Act. Methods: The policy regulation was reconstructed related to nurse staffing standards and nurse-to-patients ratios. Data on nurse staffing grades were obtained from database of the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service (HIRA) for the third quarter of 2010 for 44 tertiary hospitals, 274 general hospitals, and 1,262 hospitals. A break-even analysis was used to estimate financial burden of the revised policy improvement proposal. An industrial engineering method was used to calculate Nurse-to-Patients ratios per shift. Results: Twelve tertiary hospitals were downgraded. 74 general hospitals and 102 hospitals were upgraded after application of the regulation. Finances for total hospitalization expenditures changed from -3.55% to +3.14%. Conclusion: The results indicate that the proposed policy would decrease polarization between tertiary hospitals and small hospitals, and would not put a major strain on the finances of the Korean National Health Insurance. Therefore, it is suggested that government stake-holders and many interest groups consider this policy proposal and build a consensus.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.781-805
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• 2015

The National Welfare Pension Act of 1973 and the National Pension Act of 1986 were legislated for an anticipative response to future population ageing. But the enforcement of these acts gained momentum as they became effective tools to realize the present potential demographic bonus. This article investigates the history related to the enactment of these two acts, focusing on these acts' role in raising funds managed by the government (National Investment Fund and National Housing Fund). This article shows the historical origin of full-dress debates on the sustainability of the National Pension Fund.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.344-363
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• 2009

The number of International college students has dramatically increased in Korea since 2000 as the government has made a consistent effort to draw in international students to strengthen the competitiveness of higher education and to improve the international balance of payments. An increase of incoming international students help Korean universities solve a current problem of decreasing student numbers and bring financial benefits. However, not much is known about their intentions and decision-making process. This study tries to investigate their immigration process and backgrounds that have not yet been dealt with seriously in academic areas. The immigration process can be divided into 3 steps - pre-immigration, settlement and adaptation, post-immigration. Characteristic of each step related to a main decision-making are investigated in the paper. Their decision for studying in Korea depends on various factors and conditions. Especially, economical, personal, and vocational factors or motives in combination influence their decision-making at each step.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1298-1304
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• 1998

The reports of sarcoidosis have increased in Korea since 1968. Osseous sarcoidosis is 3%-5% of sarcoidosis, but it is not reported upto date in Korea. So, we report a case of sarcoid dactylitis. A 47-year old woman who complained of painful swelling in her fingers was admitted in Korea University Guro Hospital. She had visited local clinics 3 years ago for chronic cough, multiple subcutaneous nodules and erythematous elevated regions on extensor sides of both extremities, and taken medicine under the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis for 3 years. On admission her distal phalanges showed fusiform swelling, and multiple 1 cm-sized papules were found on the extensor area of extremities. The chest CT scan and the skin biopsy which had been performed in local clinics were reviewed to examine whether it was tuberculosis or not, but the results were compatible to sarcoidosis. So, under the impression of sarcoidosis chest CT and biopsy of hand lesions were performed again. And the patient was prescribed prednisolone 30 mg, and Hydroxychloroquine 400 mg per day, and then showed improvement of pain and skin lesions.

• Nuclear industry
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.58-90
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• 2017

'공포의 값비싼 대가(The High Cost of Fear)'는 공개된 자료 중 동료 평가를 마친 최신의 자료와 간단한 계산 방법을 통해 한국의 탈원전 정책이 가져올 경제적, 환경적 영향을 분석한 보고서이다. 우리는 탈원전 정책이 다음과 같은 영향을 미칠 것으로 예측한다. ${\cdot}$천연가스 구매에만 최소 매년 100억 달러의 비용이 들 것이다. 이는 한국 평균임금인 연소득 29,125달러를 받는 일자리 343,000개에 해당하는 금액이다. ${\cdot}$비용의 대부분은 연료 수입에 사용될 것이며, 한국의 무역 수지가 악화될 것이다. ${\cdot}$한국의 부족한 재생에너지 자원을 고려할 때, 상당한 양의 화석 연료를 추가로 사용하게 될 것이다. ${\cdot}$LNG 발전소가 석탄 발전소를 대체하지 못하고 원자력발전소를 대체하면서 대기 오염으로 인한 조기 사망자 수가 증가할 것이다. ${\cdot}$한국의 전도유망한 원전 수출 산업이 아예 붕괴되거나 큰 타격을 입을 것이다. ${\cdot}$평균적 미국 자동차의 연간 주행거리를 기준으로 150만대에서 270만대의 미국 자동차가 배출하는 배기가스의 양만큼 연간 탄소 배출이 증가할 것이고, 한국은 파리기후협정에서 약속한 탄소 배출 감축 목표를 달성할 수 없게 된다. 본 보고서는 현재 계획된 탈원전 정책의 역사적 사회적 배경을 분석하여 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. ${\cdot}$'그린피스(Greenpeace)', '지구의 친구들(Friends for the Earth)' 등 막대한 자금 지원을 받는 해외 환경단체들은 탈원전 거짓 정보의 근원이며, 이들은 저렴하고 풍부한 에너지라는 개념을 반대한다. ${\cdot}$후쿠시마 원전 사고와 그 여파의 주된 원인은 일본 원자력산업계의 오만과 원자력에 대한 과장된 집단 공포이다. ${\cdot}$반핵 진영의 논리에는 산업계와 정부에 대한 불신과 원자력, 방사선에 대한 몰이해가 반영되어 있다. ${\cdot}$반핵 진영은 후쿠시마 사고를 2014년 한수원 납품 비리 사태의 심각성을 과장하는 데 사용하고 있다. 2014년의 비리 사태는 한국 원자력 규제기관의 독립성을 증명했으며, 2016년의 경주 지진은 2011년 후쿠시마에서 쓰나미와 노심 용융을 초래한 동일본 대지진의 1/350,000의 크기밖에 되지 않는다. 본 보고서는 한국과 타국가의 반핵 운동이 주는 교훈을 다음과 같이 정리하였다. ${\cdot}$어떠한 국가도 에너지 자원 최빈국인 프랑스나 한국 같은 국가조차도 탈원전 '전쟁'에서 자유롭지 않으며, 이는 전 세계적으로 원자력산업이 쇠퇴하는 원인이다. ${\cdot}$원자력산업계, 정부, IAEA 등은 한국과 세계 여러 국가에서- 문화적, 제도적, 재정적 원인으로 원자력산업의 보호와 확대라는 목표를 달성할 수 없다. ${\cdot}$원자력산업을 구하기 위해서는 새로운 비전과 새로운 제도, 그리고 새로운 리더십이 필요하다. ${\cdot}$원자력의 근원적이고 혁신적인 비전 원자력 인본주의(atomic humanism)에 대한 재조명이 필요하다. ${\cdot}$원자력을 지키고 대중과 소통하기 위해 과학 연구단체, 대학교, 사단법인, NGO 등의 새로운 기관들을 후원해야 한다. ${\cdot}$공포를 조장하는 반원전 세력에 맞서 공포를 극복해야 하고, 대중의 공포를 극복해왔던 다른 기술들의 사례에서 교훈을 얻어야 한다.

• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.145-171
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• 2018

Laos' 2017 is a year of political "stagnation" and economic "change". In the political arena, despite the achievements such as the improvement of the corruption perception index (CPI), it is necessary to watch the progress of the reform. Diplomatically, the influence of China is expected to increase further. In particular, since November 2017, Xi Jinping's visit to Laos is expected to strengthen the framework of cooperation between the economic corridor and Lanchang-Mekong Cooperation Meeting. And Laos continued to have friendly relations with other neighboring countries, the ASEAN countries. However, the issue of the Laos-Cambodian border issue following the general election in Cambodia may recur. The economic sector maintained a high growth rate due to capital inflows from the construction of large infrastructures and the favorable tourism industry, but structural problems such as deficits in the fiscal and current account should be resolved. Korea and Laos discussed the comprehensive cooperation between the two countries through the Mekong Senior Officials' Meeting in March 2017 and the Ministerial Meeting of the Korean-Lao Foreign Minister in September 2017. Laos is Korea's eighth ODA aid (grant), and ODA will become an important diplomatic cooperation channel between the two countries in the future. In the economic relationship, the trade sector is on a declining trend, but investment and human exchanges are steadily increasing.