• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.60-69
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• 1998

Since the introduction of Western concept of nursing to Korea in late 1880s, Korean nursing practice has evolved into Korean culture. The purpose of this study was to explore and identify similarities and differences in hospital nursing practice between Korea and the United States using the grounded theory method. The data were gathered from 15 Korean nurses working in U.S. hospitals using semi-structured, in-depth interview method. Major similarities in nursing practice between Korea and U.S. existed in the 7 domains that Benner indicated in 1984. The nursing administration system was also similar in both countries. On the other hand, differences existed in how nurses execute these domains of nursing practice. These are the roles of nurses. nurse aides and family members. and the interpersonal relationships, and problem presentation and problem-solving strategies. American family members rarely participated in the patient's bedside nursing care, while Korean family members actively participated. American nurse aide participated in direct patient care, while Korean nurse aides did not. Also Korean nurses were participated more in administering and managiang the patient's diagnostic and treatment modalities, while American nurses foucused on the needs and demands of the patient. In terms of interpersonal relationships, American patients were more self-centered and demanding than Korean. American nurses focused more on the right of individuals while Korean nurses were more oriented to harmony with the coworkers. With inferiors and superiors, American members were more egalitarian, while Koreans tended to be hierachical. In ways of suggesting problems, American nurses tended to pick out the problems more frequently than Korean nurses did.. As to ways to solve the problems, American nurses relied heavily on explicit verbal explanations, while Korean nurses relied more on bodily action and behaviors. The results of this comparative study contribute to nursing by adding knowledge on the theory of culture care by describing the similarities and differences in nursing practice between Korea and the United States.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.157-169
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was to examine the impact of acculturation and social support on the mental health among Korean-American registered nurses. Methods: Data were collected with a convenience sample of 203 Korean-American registered nurses living in New York state and New Jersey state from 8th May to 25th August in 2012. The structured questionnaires measured the degree of acculturation, social support, and mental health. Data analysis was conducted using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation efficient, and Stepwise multiple regression. Results: Lower level of integration and higher level of marginalization were associated with the lower mental health. Social support was also positively related to mental health and had mediating effect on the relationship between acculturation and mental health. The five variables, including participants' educational background, work shift, integration, marginalization, and social support were significant to predict the level of mental health among Korean-American registered nurses, accounting for 41% of the variability. Conclusion: The results imply that higher level of social support and strong identity of both home and host culture will enable Korean-American registered nurses to maintain sound mental health.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.19-30
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the differences in organizational commitment, nursing organization culture, and job satisfaction of Korean nurses employed in Korea and the United States, and to determine how these variables were associated with selected study characteristics. Methods: An exploratory cross-sectional study was performed with a convenience sample of 357 nurses from Korea and the U.S. Data were collected by using a web site survey and self-reported questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficients were used for data analysis. Results: In comparison to Korean American nurses (KAN), Korean nurses (KN) were younger, single, worked more time, took a charge role or higher, and had less turnover experience. After controlling for age and marital status, nursing organization culture and job satisfaction of KN were significantly lower than those of KAN, respectively (F= -26.02, p<.001; F= -4.87, p=.028). Significant relationships among selected socio-demo-health and work-related characteristics and the three variables were higher for KN. Conclusion: Higher organizational commitment and nursing organization culture from all Korean nurses were related their perceived high level of job satisfaction. Recommendations for further study include exploring a larger sample size of a variety of different types of nursing organizations and staff as well.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.48-58
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of resilience and job satisfaction on organizational commitment in Korean-American registered nurses. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a structured questionnaire survey with 203 Korean-American registered nurses living in New York State and New Jersey State. Data were collected from May 8 to August 25, 2012. Collected data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Scheff$\acute{e}$ test and hierarchical multiple regression. Results: The mean organizational commitment of Korean-American registered nurses was $3.34{\pm}0.59$ out of a possible 5.00. The resilience and job satisfaction were significant variables predicting the level of organizational commitment among Korean-American registered nurses, accounting for 50% of the variability. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that it is necessary to identify factors influencing job satisfaction and develop programs to strengthen personal resilience in order to increase organizational commitment.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.192-202
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the impacts of social support and acculturative stress on depression among Korean registered nurses in the United States. Method: In total, 137 nurses were recruited through direct interviews and online surveys. The data were collected through a structured questionnaire from June 1, to September 16, 2012, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Scheff$\acute{e}$'s test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression with SPSS WIN 14.0. Results: Social support significantly differed by the length of one's nursing career in US, monthly income and perceived health status. Acculturative stress significantly differed by the length of one's nursing career in US and types of employment setting. Depression significantly differed by the total length of one's nursing career, type of employment setting, and perceived health status. Moreover, Depression was negatively correlated with social support; positively correlated with acculturative stress; social support was negatively correlated with acculturative stress. Factors influencing depression were acculturative stress, perceived health status, and social support, which explained about 23% of the total variance. Conclusion: These results suggest that an adaptation program that decreases acculturative stress and improves social support should be developed and implemented for Korean nurses to help them successfully integrate into the healthcare system of new country.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.483-496
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to describe how Korean nurses overcome the language barrier while working in the U.S. hospital settings. Twelve Korean nurses living in New York metropolitan area were asked open-ended, descriptive questions to collect the data. The interviews were done in Korean. All interviews were audiotaped under the permission of the participants and were transcribed verbatim. The data were analyzed using grounded theory analysis. The research process consisted of two phases. In the first phase 8 Korean nurses were interviewed and analyzed. In the second phase, further data were collected to verify categories and working hypotheses that were emerged from the first phase. The results of this study show that all Korean nurses experienced severe psychological stress such as confusion, anxiety, frustration, loss of self-confidence, embarrassment, guilt, depression, anger, and fear. Among the mode of communication such as listening, speaking, leading, and writing, they had the most difficulty in speaking. Speaking ability was especially important for them because of the emphasis of individualism and self-defense in the U.S. Among the verbal communication modes, non-face-to-face communications such as phone conversation and body language were the most difficu1t for them to overcome. It took at least 2 years for the participants to initially overcome the language barrier in U.S. hospitals. After 2-5 years they began to feel comfortable even in non-face-to-face communication. They could actively search for the better place to work after 5 years. They finally felt comfortable in English and in their job almost after 10 years. The factors that influenced the English improvement were ‘the years of clinical experience in Korea’, ‘the decade they came to the U.S.’ ‘coming to U.S. alone or with other Korean nurses’, ‘racial homogeneity or heterogeneity of the working unit’, and ‘the degree of social support’. The strategies Korean nurses used to overcome the language barrier included depending on the written communication, using ‘nunchi’, working and studying hard, and establishing good interpersonal relationships with co-workers. They also employed assertive behavior of the U.S., such as using more explicit verbal language and employing smiles and eye contact with others during the conversation. The results of the study may help Korean nurses and nursing students who try to work in U.S. hospital settings by understanding problems other Korean nurses faced, factors that influenced their English improvement, and strategies they used. They may also help U.S. nurses and administrators in developing and implementing efficient programs for newly employed Korean nurses by understanding major problems and feelings the Korean nurses experienced and strategies they used to overcome the language barriers.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.623-631
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• 1996

간호사가 사용하는 중재로서 관심을 표현하는 방법이며 의사소통의 통로인 접촉의 한 형태로서의 마사지가 이완과 안녕감을 증진시킬 수 있는지를 알아보기 위해 간편하면서도 장소에 거의 구애를 받지 않는 손마사지를 미국 미네소타주에 살고 있는 22명의 한국 이민노인에게 시행하였다. 자료수집 기간은 1992년 12월부터 1993년 6월까지 약 6개월이 소요되었다. 편의표출방법으로 대상자를 선정한 원시실험연구설계로, 독립 변수로 손마사지를 사용하였고 이완행동, 수축기혈압, 이완기 혈압, 맥박수로 측정한 이완의 정도와 안녕감을 종속변수로 사용하였다. 손마사지는 Snyder등이 개발한 방법으로 한 손에 2분 30초씩 5분이 소요되는데 이틀에 한번씩 6회 실시하였다. 안녕 감을 측정하는 Cantril ladder는 10개의 사다리로 된 도구로 첫번 마사지전, 세번째 마사지후, 그리고 여섯번째 마사지후에 대상자로 하여금 직접 사다리 점수를 매기도록 하였다. Luiselli등이 개발한 이완행동 측정도구로 각 마사지 전후에 대상자의 이완정도를 관찰하였고, 마사지 전후에 혈압과 맥박수를 측정하였다. 자료는 paired t-test와 ANOVA, repeated measures ANOVA로 분석하였다. 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 1-6회 동안의 마사지전의 이완점수의 평균값과 1-6회 동안의 마사지후의 이완점수의 평균값을 비교한 결과 마사지후에 이완의 정도가 유의하게 증가하였고 (t=10.70, p=.000), repeated measures ANOVA로 검증한 시간에 따른 효과도 유의한 차이를 보였다. 2. 1-6회 동안의 마사지전의 수축기 혈압의 평균값과 1-6회 동안의 마사지후의 수축기 혈압의 평균값을 비교한 결과 마사지후에 수축기 혈압이 유의하게 저하되었 다(t=6.09, p=.000). 3. 1-6회 동안의 마사지전의 이완기 혈압의 평균값과 1-6회 동안의 마사지후의 이완기 혈압의 평균값을 비교한 결과 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(t=.27, p=.793). 4. 1-6회 동안의 마사지전의 맥박수의 평균값과 1-6회 동안의 마사지후의 맥박수의 평균값을 비교한 결과 마사지후의 맥박수가 유의하게 감소하였다. (t=4.45, p=.001). 5. Cantril 안녕감의 점수는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(F=2.42, p=1.01)

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.96-104
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• 2014

Purpose: Nurse educators can use film effectively to promote nursing students' motivation and indirect experiences. The purpose of this study was to develop a teaching-learning design using films based on Kolb's experiential learning model for understanding of child growth and development, and to evaluate students' satisfaction with cinenurducation according to learning type and content. Methods: Participants were seventy-four first year nursing students in the spring semester of 2013 at a private university located in Busan. In each class, participants watched film, participated in peer-to-group discussion and an educator's lecture, and wrote a composition based on Kolb's four learning stages. After class, participants filled out a questionnaire developed by the researchers. Results: Results showed a high satisfaction with cinenurducation regardless of learning type and content concerning child growth and development. Advantages of cinenurducation included it being "fun and interesting," "helpful to understand the characteristics of children," and "develop critical thinking through discussions." Disadvantages included "length of time needed," and "burdensome." Conclusion: Films are advantageous in that they provide indirect experience for nursing students. Selection of appropriate films and evaluation of learning goal achievements are important to maximize the effectiveness of cinenurducation.