• Anxiety and mood
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.121-126
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• 2008

Objective : The present study investigated gender differences in the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Korean PTSD patients from a multicenter sample. Methods : Data were collected from 18 psychiatric units of training hospitals nationwide. All the patients were interviewed by attending psychiatrists using a structured format for PTSD by DSM-IV diagnoses. Additionally the Davidson Trauma Scale was used to evaluate all self-reported symptomatology. Results : Forty-three patients with PTSD, 23 female and 20 male patients, were enrolled in this study. There were significant differences in the frequency and severity of avoidance symptoms, and severity of re-experience symptoms. The female patients reported a higher level of re-experience and avoidance symptoms than the male patients. Conclusion : The results of the present study were found to be consistent with previous studies on gender differences. Women were more susceptible to PTSD symptoms than men, especially exaggerated re-experience and chronic avoidance. Since all patients groups were enrolled from the hospital, this findings needs to be reexamined using community samples.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.12
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• pp.67-82
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• 2001

발생적 원리는 수학을 공리적으로 전개된 완성된 것으로 가르치는 형식주의의 결함을 극복하기 위하여 제기되어온 교수학적 원리로, 수학을 발생된 것으로 파악하고 그 발생을 학습과정에서 재성취하게 하려는 것이다. 특히, 수학을 지도함에 있어서 역사적으로 발생, 발달한 순서를 지켜 지도해야 한다는 것이 역사-발생적 원리로, 수학이 역사적으로 발생, 발달 되어온 역동적인 과정을 학생들이 재경험해 보게 하기 위해서는 이러한 일련의 과정을 효과적으로 설명할 수 있는 교수-학습 방법이 필요하다. 변증법적인 방법론은 헤겔에 의해서 꽃을 피운 철학으로, 정일반일합(正一反一合)의 원리에 따라 사물의 발생과 진화 과정을 역동적으로 설명할 수 있는 방법론이다. 따라서, 본 연구는 초등학교에서 역사-발생적 원리에 따라 수학을 지도할 수 있는 방법으로 변증법적인 방법을 고찰하여, 역사-발생적 원리의 수학 교수-학습 방법에 대한 시사점을 얻고자 한다.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.69 no.2
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• pp.63-88
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• 2017

This study was to find out the effect of emotional maltreatment by parents on revictimization of emotional maltreatment by peers targeting second-year students of middle school with depression and social withdrawal as mediating variables. To this end, those who experienced physical violence by parents or friends were excepted from panel data collected by National Youth Policy Institute (KCYPS) and data of 752 people who experienced emotional maltreatment by parents or peers were analyzed. Research hypotheses were verified by a utilizing structural equation model. The results can be summarized as follows: First, experiencing emotional maltreatment by parents has a direct impact on depression and social withdrawal. Second, it was found that depression has a direct impact on experiencing emotional maltreatment by peers while social withdrawal is significant in an indirect path affecting with depression as a mediating variable. Third, the multiple mediated effects of depression and social withdrawal were significant in the revictimization relationship between emotional maltreatment by parents and emotional maltreatment by peers. This means that emotional maltreatment by parents becomes a predictor in re-experiencing emotional maltreatment by peers. It also means that emotional maltreatment by parents has an indirect effect through psychological and emotional factors such as depression and social withdrawal rather than having a direct effect. Based on the results of this study, limitations of the study and suggestions for future research were discussed.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 2023

This study explored the role and characteristics of music that contributed to experiences of catharsis in music. An empirical phenomenological study was conducted to explore catharsis with 12 adults. Phenomenological reduction, change of attitude, literature interpretation, and hermeneutic circle were used for data collection and analysis. As a result, three categories, five themes, and 11 sub-themes were identified. The first category, here and now in music consisted of two themes: aesthetic experiences and expansion of musical novelty. The second category, inner connection through music consisted of one theme, re-experience of internal emotions. The third category, immersion and engagement in music consisted of two themes: ventilating or deepening of emotions and internal dynamics. Based on these results, the cathartic characteristics of music are discussed. First, the aesthetics and novelty of music kept participants fully stay in music. Second, music induced a re-experiencing of emotions by triggering memories or stimulating unresolved emotions. Third, the elements of music promoted emotional ventilation, deepening, and internal dynamics. This study is meaningful because it qualitatively examined the roles and characteristics of music that contribute to cathartic experience in the general adult population.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.138-146
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• 1992

The study presented the experience of playtherapy of a 6-yr old girl with elective mutism and attempted to understand her psychopathology and formulated her psychodynamic which was expressed though the therapeutic process of playtherapy in the viewpoint of developmental model. Therapist's attitude was nondirective and supportive. Main theme of her play, fantasy and art was separation anxiety and abandonment fear as the result of continued psychic traumas such as separation from her grandmother and physical abuse by her father and mother etc. So she couldn't achieve developmental tasks such as autonomy and separation individuation and became generally inhibited and selectively mute. The process of play therapy was summarized and coceptualized as her successful progress through sequential developmental phases within the therapeutic relation ship. By reexperiencing this developmental process, she could accomplish her autonomy and separation individuation and developed to oedipal stage and successfully resolve oedipal conflict.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.3-14
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• 2002

Childhood psychic trauma appears to be a crucial factor in the development of serious disorders both in childhood and in adulthood. Traumatized children show strong tendency to revisualize or re-feel a traumatic events. Play and behavioral reenactments are frequent manifestations of both the single blow and the long-standing traumas in childhood. Those children who suffer the results of single, intense terror appear to exhibit detailed memory, retrospective reworkings and misperceptions. In long-standing or repetitive trauma, children would show psychic numbing, self-hypnosis, dissociation and rage. Child's brain is undergoing critical and sensitive periods of differentiation. During this time, developing central nervous system is exquisitely sensitive to stress. Stressor-activated neurotransmitters and hormones can play major roles in neurogenesis, migration, synaptogenesis, and neurochemical differentiation. Internal opiate system operates in some trauma and causes the victim to fail to respond, to avoid, to shut off feelings. Evidence is also accumulating in traumatology that dysfuntion of locus coeruleus and ventral tegmental neucleus system leads to catecholamine receptors hypersensitivity. This change result in hypervigilance, increased startle, affective lability, and increased autonomic nervous system hyperreactivity. Another site of action of trauma on the brain is hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Individuals with PTSD do not have enough cortisol to halt the alarm reaction. When children are exposed to long-standing extreme events, massive attempts to protect the psyche and to preserve the self are put into gear. These developmental traumas mobilize various kinds of defense mechanisms. Massive denial, dissociation, self anesthesia, identification with aggressor and aggression turned against the self often lead to profound character changes in the youngsters.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.297-305
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• 2013

This thesis is a result of a study of the treatment course of post traumatic stress disorder because of the historical incident which is described in the novel, Uncle Suni by Hyun Ki-young. Uncle Suni survived the massacre which happened during the 4.3 Incident in Jeju Island. However, living a buried life, she suffers a historical trauma. To cure her disorder, she had to know the cause of her illness, such as auditory hallucination, mysophobia, etc. The author describes that kinds of patients should be ensured to get help not only in duty of the society but of the country and that historical justice should stand right. Uncle Suni reexperienced the incident when she happened to discover 'the white bones' and 'the lead bullets' while she was working in her 'Ohmpang field'. To cure her illness, she needed to confess her guilt that she had escaped from the massacre, and deep appreciation about the incident, which means she had to testify, and in the course of the testimony, she had to confess her inner feelings. To solve the historical trauma, there should be a recovery of connection between the patient and the society. The course of treatment should go from the patient herself to the realm of the society through which the patient, Uncle Suni can reach the recovery.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.37-46
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to examine the necessity of providing new perspectives by conveying the various psychological changes and realities experienced by victims of incest sexual violence after the incident, And it is meaningful to understand and record it through. The results of the analysis through the phenomenological methodology are as follows: First, participants were disturbed by the emotional neglect of their parents and forced violence, threats, and silence by their family members, resulting in disbelief in interpersonal relationships and low self-esteem and suffered constant difficulties in daily life. Second, the suffering and aftereffects of sexual violence experienced the conflict of roles by repeating the real maladjustment and social activity avoidance as the fear of being informed about the event, the negative thought about oneself, and the difficulty of interpersonal relationship. Third, the aftereffects of incest sexual violence in childhood·adolescence were found to be extreme with regard to PTSD. The PTSD experience has become a factor that forces participants to rely on substances, such as psychiatric medications and alcohol, and further avoids external activities with hallucinations and delusions. Fourth, the change through the adaptation process is a new perspective on life, facing and separating the events. During the adaptation program, they tried to express their words and feelings that they could not express because of the past hurts, to set goals for living their life, and to move forward. The experience of overcoming reality has enhanced participants' confidence in self-esteem, self-efficacy, and healthy self-control ability. In this study, it is meaningful to suggest a model in which the incest sexual violence trauma is reexperienced through the new daily crisis and the new adaptation process is repeated for each process.

• (The)Korea Educational Review
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.225-251
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to examine study abroad participation and its relationship with career decision self-efficacy. It also aims to explore the explanatory factors for this relationship using mixed methods. Data were collected from 258 study abroad participants using pre- and post-test surveys at the A university. Subsequently, qualitative interviews with 16 participants were conducted to explain quantitative results. Findings showed that the career-related achievement goal and participants' interactions with local students played an important role in participants' career development. On the other hand, the group of participants whose career decision self-efficacy decreased after participation were also identified. This finding can be understood from the qualitative finding that participants bounced back to their previous career plans after return, re-experiencing the barrier of reality in finding a job in the Korean society. This is different from the circumstances in a destination country they studied abroad in. In addition, the quantitative finding can be understood from the qualitative finding that some students decided to participate in study abroad program simply for vacation and international experiences, without trying to relate it to career exploration. Based on findings from this study, implications for higher education institutions running a study abroad program were discussed and suggestions for future research were provided.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.55-62
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• 2021

The number of single-parent families in South Korea increased since 2000, related to a sharp rise in the divorce rate of 50s and an increase in male mortality rates among those aged 40s-50s. Middle-aged single mothers experience a critical period realizing self-actualization needs, while being in the middle adulthood from the lifespan developmental perspective. In this respect, it is significant to study self-actualization of middle-aged single mothers through guided imagery and music (GIM) in order to provide them with psychological support. This study was conducted from September 2018 to June 2020, and the GIM sessions were conducted at least 10 times. Four participants were selected among the middle-aged single mothers. The imagery experiences of participants in the GIM sessions were classified into four sub-elements: physicalness, emotion, memory, and sense. Within those sub-elements, eight semantic units were categorized into 46 elements. Finally, 152 semantic units were derived. Moreover, the self-actualization which participants experienced through GIM presented three archetypal images: shadow, persona, and the self. In the GIM sessions, experiences of putting their negative emotions associated with family into words and changing passive self-imagery into active one enabled participants to bring the shadow into their consciousness, there by recognizing their positive and bright internal self. Furthermore, participants could map that their current status as people marginalized by siblings and parents, enraged and holding double standards for others, was suppressed by their 'good daughter' and 'religious' personas. This realization lead them to realize and restore their persona. The use of GIM in the study allowed participants to elicit re-experiences of the negative events, while experiencing various imagery and music. This process helped participants achieve self-actualization.