• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.4
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• pp.464-471
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• 2009

Vegetation types of the native conifer forests in the ridge of the Baekdudaegan, South Korea, were classified using the Braun-Blanquet method and TWINSPAN and its ecological characteristics analyzed with special repect to floristic composition. The vegetation type was classified into two types (Pinus densiflora-Carex humilis and Pinus koraiensis-Dryopteris crassirhizoma types) and seven groups. Mean species richness and total plot cover per unit area ($/100m^2$) were $21.9{\pm}8.9$ spp. and $146.9{\pm}32.3$%, respectively. The plant species composed of 82 families, 217 genera, and 387 species and the three major families, Compositae, Liliaceae, and Rosaceae, made up about 25.6% of the total species. The 7.8% of total families were the families with occurrence of only one species. The highest relative importance value was 19.2, the species belonged to Pinaceae and the pattern was different from species richness pattern of other families.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.4
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• pp.470-479
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• 2000

Management units of forest vegetation established on Mt. Moodeung (1,186.8m), a typical urban forest at Kwangju city located in the southwestern Korea, was classified phytosociologically and its spatial distribution mapped out with special reference to its ecological conservation and management. Management units of this area were classified into three categories; twenty-one higher units, ten lower units and nine lowest units, giving a total of 31 zones. Total area for detailed mapping was 2,779.5ha, of which natural vegetation accounted for 2192.0ha (78.9%), residing in most part of this area, artificial vegetation for 159.1ha (5.7%), and non-forested area including arable area, burned area and others for 428.4ha (15.5%). The ratio of natural forest element showed 93.2%, which is much higher when compared with those of other urban forests.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.161-168
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• 2009

This research aims at having a grip on the actual condition of vegetation distribution Byeonsanbando National Park and to propose a survey and drawing criteria for vegetation map. Thus, this research conducted a survey of the vegetation distribution on Byeonsanbando National Park through review of the literatures on vegetation surveys on the National Parks in the past and at the present and preparing criteria for survey and drawing of vegetation. The actual vegetation of Bye on san ban do National Park was classified into eight plant communities and other land; the Substitution forest, or natural forest was classified into four plant communities including Quercus variabilis community, deciduous forest, Pinus densiflora community, and mixed forest while afforested land was classified into four forest types: P. rigida forest, P. thunbergii forest, P. rigida forest, P. rigitaeda forest, P. rigida - thunbergii forest, etc. The area belonging to grade 7 in Nature Degree was found to be the largest, covering 69.1% in Byeonsanbando National Park while the area belonging to grade 9 was very rare, covering 0.36%. Thus, it is suggested that criteria for survey and drawing map needed for the systematic survey and management of vegetation in National Parks.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.37-47
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• 1994

A study was conducted to examine the leaf expansion forms and to analyze the leaf growth in early growing season of 1992 in a temperate deciduous forest in central region of Korea. After the winter bud scale fell off, the expansion forms of 11 woody species were divided into 3 groups, spreading fan form, opening form from half folding, and unrolling form from main vein. The ratios of leaf area at the end of growing season to that of leaf expantion time varied among species, and were related closely to expansion forms. The leaves reached to full size between the third ten days of April and the middle ten days of May, except for a few species. Leaf weight, however, increased steadily during the growing season. Specific leaf area (SLA) increased rapidly for 10-20 days after leaf expansion and decreased rapidly for 10 days after reaching maximum values, and thereafter decreased slowly. The SLA values of trees were smaller than $200cm^2/g$, but those of subtree and shrub were larger than $200cm^2/g$.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.108-116
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the actual vegetation and Degree of Green Naturality(DGN) in Taeanhaean National Park in 2009. The actual vegetation of the surveyed site was classified into eleven plant communities and the others. Substitutional forest were classified into six plant communities; Pinus thunbergii community, P. densiflora community, Deciduous Broadleaf Forest, P. densiflora-Deciduous broadleaf Forest, etc. and the afforested lands were classified into five forest types: P. thunbergii, P. thunbergii-P. rigida Forest, Robinia pseudoacacia Forest, etc. The area of DGN 8 consisted of 40.66% while the area of DGN 9 consisted of 13.7% when compared with land area of Taeanhaean National Park. For the recovery of natural landscape and biological diversity of Taeanhaean National Park needs to be managed for eliminate to the exotic plants.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.219-225
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• 2013

The correlation between disturbance intensity and stand development was evaluated on the basis of natural forest community type classification in areas of Baekhaksan (more disturbed area) and Hwangaksan (less disturbed area). The vegetation data were collected by point-centered quarter sampling method, and they were subjected to cluster analysis for classifying community types and to analysis of species composition and species diversity for reviewing ecological characteristics. By the method of cluster analysis, natural forests of Baekhaksan were classified into Quercus forest community, Pinus densiflora community, Q. variabilis community, and Q. mongolica community. Those of Hwangaksan were divided into P. densiflora community, Q. mongolica community, Q. forest community, and Mixed mesophytic community. It is presumed that more developed and less disturbed forest area shows multiple species community pattern and more diversified structure than less developed and more disturbed forest area. In Korean peninsula, the abundance of red pine may play an important indicator to estimate the developmental pattern of the forest after artificial disturbance. The overall evaluation indicated that less disturbed Hwangaksan area had more developed stand pattern with mixed mesophytic community, more complicated species composition, and higher species diversity than Baekhaksan area.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.227-234
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• 2006

The comparison of Corylopsis coreana populations between natural groups and deforestation groups is carried in five regions such as Seungju, Woldeung, Hwangjeon in Suncheon, Myeongseok in Jinju and Mt. Baegun in Pocheon. The number of sprouting per both $100m^2$ and each individual stump were appeared more in deforestation than in natural groups. In contrast, the height and the diameter of individuals by the number of sprouting are higher and larger in the natural groups. The relationship between the floristic composition and vegetation in the two groups of C. coreana populations was not appeared. Corylopsis coreana are propagated sprouting as well as seedling in deforestation groups located an opening area. Because of the powerful environmental adaptability through growth of the sprouting and the seedling in deforestation groups, the population of C. coreana are not extinction of species oneself, and on the contrary are showed expansion of C. coreana population after temporary disturbance.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.61-69
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• 1999

The above ground biomass and annual net productivity of Salix nipponica were estimated by the allometric method in the littoral zone of Parksil-nup wetland, Hapcheon-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do Korea. The density of stems and individuals per hectare were 14,950 and 6,140, respectively and the mean number of stems per individual was 2.43. The proportion of the above ground biomass of stem, branch, and leaf were 59.2%, 28.3% and 12.5%, respectively. The standing crops was 109.7 ton/ha and total phytomass was 926.7 ton in the study area. Annual net production was 25.3 ton/ha estimated from the standing crops and the age structure.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.297-317
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• 2017

The research has been conducted in order to classify the vegetation types of natural forest in Mt. Janggunbong, Bonghwa-Gun and establish its following characteristics of stands. Vegetation data were collected by June in 2014 to August in 2016. Based on the 71 quadrates, we carried out an analysis of species-area curve, vegetation types, importance value, species diversity, coincidence method and CCA. As a result of the species-area curve, it was showed the proper investigation, vascular plants consisted a total of 227 taxa; 67 families, 152 genera, 197 species, 3 subspecies, 27 varieties. The forest vegetation was classified into 7 vegetation units, when it comes to a community group, they are classified into the Quercus mongolica community group. As for community, Q. mongolica community group is classified into the Acer pictum subsp. mono community, Pinus koraiensis community and Q. variabilis community. As for group, A. pictum subsp. mono community is classified into Lychnis cognata group and Deutzia glabrata group. The P. koraiensis community is classified into A. komarovii group and P. koraiensis typical group. The Q. variabilis community is classified into Parthenocissus tricuspidata group and Q. variabilis typical group. As for subgroup, P. tricuspidata group is classified into P. tricuspidata typical subgroup and Salix caprea subgroup. As a result of the importance value, Q. mongolica showed highest importance value in tree layer of vegetation units 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Betula schmidtii showed highest importance value in tree layer of vegetation unit 6. P. densiflora showed highest importance value in tree layer of vegetation unit 7. In subtree layer, shrub layer and herb layer of vegetation units 6 and 7, Q. mongolica and Q. variabilis showed high importance value. This implying that a vegetation units 6 and 7 is predicted to be composed by Q. mongolica and Q. variabilis. As for species diversity, vegetation units 1, 2 and 3 showed high species diversity(2.130~2.353). It was considered to be due to the topographical characteristics of valley. As a result of coincidence method and CCA, altitude showed high correlation than other environmental factor.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.12-23
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to develop and study an experiential natural education program that could emphasize the importance of the natural environment by providing natural experience opportunities using the natural resources of the urban forest parks using Youngheung Park in Suwon, Gyeonggi Province as a target site. The research target was limited to Suwon Yeongheung Park, which had the potential to become a place for education, where urban forest conservation and sustainable use already coexist. The natural education resources derived by surveying and analyzing the basic environment and the ecology of plants and animals in Suwon Yeongheung Park were organized to establish program goals, directions, and themes. Suwon Yeongheung Park is a water-rich forest that forms an ecological system of wetlands, including rice paddies, muknon wetlands, and dungbun, near a valley area. The U-shaped walkway was smoothly formed along the ridge and includes Doran-gil, which is among the Palochrome Road, designated by the city of Suwon. The soil is acidic, with a pH 4.40, due to urban pollution and acid rain, and is not good for plant growth. Most of the artificial forests, natural forests, and arable land were found using land use and extant life surveys. Old trees were distributed in artificial forests, the oak clusters in natural forests, and the fields and darrinones were distributed in the arable areas. As the forest vegetation declined, the cedar forest was underway, and the cedar trees and red bean pear trees were cultivated due to their adaptability to the urban environment. There are 13 large of 180 sacks, one being 109 centimeters in diameter, the largest silvery tree, and 105 oak trees, provide food and shelter for animals. Six species of waterfowl that used the 22 kinds of forest wetlands, while four species of amphibians and two species of reptiles reside in the wetlands. Natural Monument No. 327, Mauryuk, Class II Endangered Wildlife, was also observed in the wetlands. Eight other species of surface dragonflies and three species of butterflies were observed. By systemizing the resources, members, and characteristics of the forest ecosystems in Suwon Yeongheung Park based on five criteria, the program for a hands-on natural education was presented with the aim of understanding the urban forest ecosystem in Suwon Yeongheung Park, having an affinity with the city, and recognizing its relationship with the community and society. However, further research is needed as there are limitations of research on programs characterized by different ages and classes.