• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.185-208
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• 2012

The goal of this study is to take a look at grandmothers' experience raising children with a focus on the children's generation and the grandchildren's generation. To do this, we conducted in-depth interviews with three grandmothers who raised their children and their grandchildren. As a result, grandmothers' experience raising children was shown in three categories: change in the raising environment, the raising culture, and the sense of value of raising children. These results suggest that the raising experience of grandmothers who have raised children in the past and are currently raising children again are being changed by the transition in raising experience, raising culture, and sense of value of raising children.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.317-322
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• 2020

This study was conducted to examine the effect of parenting attitude perceived by adult children on marriage values and marriage image. For this purpose, online and face-to-face surveys were conducted for 411 unmarried men and women in their 20~30s living in the Daegu, Gyeongsangbuk-do and Gyeongsangnam-do areas. The SPSS 25.0 program was used for analysis and the results are as follows. First, in the general characteristics of the study subjects, there was a significant difference in marriage values according to gender, age, marriage type of parents, religion, and birth order, but no significance found according to education and occupation, family members living together, monthly average household income, or education of parents. Also, marriage image showed significant difference based on gender, marriage type of parents, and marriage intention. Second, the parenting attitude perceived by adult children confirmed that the lower the father's rejective parenting attitude and the higher the mother's acceptive parenting attitude, the more stable the value of marriage was and that the effect of parenting attitude on marriage image confirmed that the lower the father's rejective parenting attitude, the better the marriage image.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.86-107
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• 2007

This research investigated the Korean students' traditional value of children in family, by asking the degree of agreement on the proverbs concerning the notion of preferring a son, negative value on a daughter, and hardness of child-rearing. The findings indicated that in general the Korean students were disagreed on the traditional value of children in family, while many of them still agreed on hardness of child-rearing. We expected that female students were likely to express the stronger disagreement on preferring a son and negative value on a daughter, but there was no difference in preferring a son. Also we expected that the students who had lived with their grandparents would more likely to have the traditional values, but they expressed the stronger disagreement on preferring a son than others. Second, in general the Korean students disagreed on familism. The female students and the students who had lived with their grandparents were likely to express the stronger disagreement on familism. Third, there was positive correlation between familism and preferring a son, and between familism and negative value on a daughter. Fourth, the students who believed that there was no absolute necessity for the child in a family expressed the stronger disagreement on preferring a son, and scored lower degree on familism. There was negative correlation between the ideal number of children in a family and the notion of hardness of child-rearing, but positive correlation between the ideal number of children and familism. And as much as they answered the longer child-rearing period, scored positive value on a daughter.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.203-233
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• 2005

기존 연구에 의하면 중국 여성의 사회적 지위는 높게 평가된다. 그러나 실증적인 자료에 근거하여 이루어진 중국 여성의 가족 내 지위에 대한 연구는 매우 부족하다. 이 연구는 중국 여성의 지위에 대한 균형적인 시각을 얻기 위하여 가족 내 여성의 지위를 알아보고자 한다. 가족 내 여성의 지위를 파악하기 위하여 아버지의 자녀 양육과 자녀교육 관련 의사결정 과정에의 참여를 중심으로 성역할 분담을 살펴보았다. 이를 위하여 6개 도시 지역과 농촌 지역에서 수집된 자료의 통계 분석와 상해 산동 지역에서의 포커스 그룹 인터뷰가 통합적으로 이용되었다. 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 지역에 관계없이 중국 사회에서 자녀 양육의 주책임은 어머니에게 있다. 둘째, 아버지들은 자녀 양육 활동보다 의사결정 과정에 더 높은 참여율을 보인다. 셋째, 아버지의 자녀 양육 참여율은 농촌에 비해 도시 지역에서 높게 나타난다. 반면, 의사결정의 경우는 도시에 비해 농촌 지역 아버지들의 참여율이 더 높다. 넷째, 전통적인 성역할 구분에 대한 가치관도 도시와 농촌 지역간에 차이가 있다. 결과적으로 중국 가족 내 여성의 지위는 지역별로 차이가 있는 것으로 보이며, 중국 가족에서 자녀 양육 책임이 동등하게 분담되지 않아서 여성의 이중부담이 큰 것으로 생각된다.

• Proceedings of the KHMA Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.250-250
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• 2008

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.147-164
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• 2008

The goal of this study was to examine the economic and cultural factors that influenced the intention of having a second child. In particular, this study intended to examine whether the factors related to the intention of having a child differed by the employment status of married women. The data for this study were drawn from the National Survey on the Trend of Marriage and Birth. This survey was conducted in 2005 by Korean Institute for Health and Social Affairs. The sample consisted of 690 married women who had one child(282 employed and 408 unemployed). The data were analyzed by logistic regression with SAS 9.1 program. The results showed that the employed women's intention of having a second child was affected by the husband's hours of housework, having a own mother(child's grandmother) and the perception of value of child. The employed women's intention of having a second child was affected by the perception of emotional value of child, and the sex of the first child. In sum, there were differences between the employed women and the unemployed women in the variables affecting the intention of having a second child. Perception of value of child was found important for both the employed and the unemployed women. Besides husband's hours of housework, having a mother and the needs for public support about child birth and rearing were found significant for the employed women. For the unemployed women, the costs of child care/education and the sex of the first child were found significant. The findings of this study suggested that different policy interventions be developed to satisfy the needs of the employed women and the unemployed women.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.239-269
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to understand the different views of grandparent's that are rearing children from the grandmother and working mom as co-caregivers by studying conflicts and the experience made by grandmothers by rearing children through a phenomenological approach, and to help to build healthy relationships and furthermore to promote a healthy educational environment. Data were collected from six working mothers from a child care center in Gyeonggi, and their six grandmothers who were rearing grandchildren through in-depth interviews, emails and observation based on the instruction of semi-structured interviews. For analysis, a phenomenological analysis method is used. As a result, 78 meaning units, 15 sub-elements and 6 theme categories were drawn. Theme categories were (1) grandmothers' rearing experience; perform a double-role through grandchildren-rearing (2) working moms' rearing experience; conflicts over ideologue of motherhood (3) grandmothers' rearing positive effect: increasing grandmothers' efficacy and intimate relationships with grandchildren (4) working moms' rearing positive effect: reducing working moms' children-rearing stress (5) negative effect: increasing grandmothers' children-rearing stress and working moms' low children-rearing efficacy (6) rearing conflicts: the two mothers' conflicts over children-rearing values. Through the study, it implies that social intervention is needed to solve the conflicts between two mothers over the rearing attitudes and methods as understanding and intervention is needed.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.95-111
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• 2012

This study investigated the pathways of factors affecting 173 employed mothers' second childbirth plans. Participants were all employed working mothers with an infant under 10 months old. The hypothetical model used in this research proposed that workplace childcare support, social support, value of children and parenting stress of employed mothers will directly affect second childbirth plans. Additionally, workplace childcare support, social support, value of children, marital satisfaction and job satisfaction will indirectly influence second childbirth plans as a result of parenting stress. The results of this research demonstrated that value of children and parenting stress were the factors which directly affected second childbirth plans of employed mothers. In addition, workplace childcare support, social support, marital satisfaction and job satisfaction indirectly influenced second childbirth plans as a result of parenting stress. This study suggests the need for the establishment and development of workplace childcare support and the need for enhancing the value of children. This research further suggests the need for policies aimed at increasing psychological well-being and decreasing parenting stress for working mothers who are contemplating second childbirth plans.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.79-89
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in the value of children according to the demographic characteristics of mothers with young children. This was to examine the relationship between psychological and environmental factors, and the value of children to mothers with young children. The participants of this study were 237 mothers, who had young children. Descriptive statistics, t-test, F-test, and Pearson's correlation analysis were used for data analysis. The results were as follows: First, the value of children was different according to the child's factors (gender and number of children in the family, etc.), the mother's factors (age and education, etc), and the family's factors (household income and cost of bringing up the child). Second, familism is related to emotional value and instrumental value, parenting efficacy is related to emotional value and social value, children's temperament is related to emotional value, and the value of children from mother's reference group is related to emotional value and instrumental value, social value, and burdensome value. As for the implication of these findings, value of children from mother's reference groups is important for changing the value of children of the mothers with young children.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.109-142
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• 2005

This paper examines the changes in family values in Korea by examining values of children, socialization values, and social support of elderly parents with young and olders mothers. A total of 314 mothers of infants (young mothers) and 395 mothers of adolescents (older mothers) completed a questionnaire compiled by Schwarz, Chakkarath, Trommsdorff, Schwenk and Nauck(2001) comprising of values of children, cultural values, socialization values, interpersonal relationship, social support, stress, and life-satisfaction. In terms of values of children, the older mothers are more likely to emphasize social values, such as continuing the family line. Young mothers are more likely to emphasize psychological values, such as the pleasure of seeing a child grow. As for reasons for net wanting to have children, young mothers are more likely to point out personal constraints than older mothers, such as restriction of freedom. Second, older mothers are more likely than young mothers to express willingness to provide support for their children and even when their children become adults. Older mothers had a more lenient expectation of their children in terms developmental timetable and to expect support from their children when compared with young mothers. Young mothers are more likely to socialize their children with greater warmth and at the same time have higher child-rearing stress when compared to older mothers. Third, when compared with older mothers, young mothers are more likely to receive practical and emotional support from their parents. On the other hand, older mothers are more likely to provide greater practical and emotional support to their parents than the young mothers. Overall, compared to young mothers, older mothers are more likely to hold traditional and conservative values of children and socialization values. These contrasting values reflect the changes in family structure and social change that have been progressing rapidly in recent years.