• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2013

This study was conducted to compare the local climate conditions and growth periods for the apple (Malus domestica 'Borkh') orchards at different altitudes (330, 500, and 670 m) in Jangsu-Gun, Korea. Observation data for the growth period show that the monthly mean air temperatures at the 'Hongro' apple orchard sites decrease with height at the rate of 1.0 to $3.0^{\circ}C$/100 m. The monthly minimum temperatures in April (blooming period for 'Hongro' apple) were 4.3, 2.9, and $0.4^{\circ}C$ at 330, 500, and 670 m, respectively. The monthly mean temperatures in September (i.e., the coloration and maturation period) were 20.6, 18.7, and $14.5^{\circ}C$, respectively. The annual precipitation range varied from 1,234 to 1,439 mm, which tended to increase with height. The heavy rainfall occurred in summer (June to August) and amounted to 827-933 mm. No significant differences in the duration of sunshine were observed amongst the orchards at three different altitudes. The earliest bud break was observed at the 330 m altitude (18 March 2009), which was 4 and 11 days earlier in comparison to those at 500 and 670 m, respectively. The time of full bloom at 330 m was 12 days ahead of that at 670 m. The optimal maturation of fruit (based on skin redness > 80%) was observed between 7 and 10 September at 330 m, 15 and 18 September at 500 m, and 21 and 23 September at 670 m.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.17 no.1 s.50
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• pp.15-25
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• 2007

In general, the life and asset casualties that occur due to landslide or slope failure in urban areas are larger than that in rural areas. In order to reduce the casualties, a slope management program is necessary to categorize slopes based on properties and to manage them systematically. The slope management system is the establishment of the data base for the geological and geotechnical factor according to slope stability, and the utilization of the data base to manage slopes. The suitable system must develop to slopes in urban area through the survey, analysis and evaluation process. Based on the above necessity, the slope management program which is applicable to slope management in an urban area has been developed at Hwangryung Mt. in Busan as a target area. The developed slope management program has various functions such as slope ID number of each slope or sub-region of a mountain, making a slope data sheet, analysis and grouping of slope stability, and establishment of a data base. The slope management program is constructed by use of GIS, and the survey, test and analysis data according to all slopes can be input and edited into the program. The program can also be utilized practically by end users due to the convenient input, edition printing, management and operation of slope data. Therefore, the slope management system has been established on the application of the developed program in Busan which is located in slope area. As the system is widely applied to other cities, the slope in urban area can be managed systematically and the slope hazards can be minimized.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.28 no.10 s.96
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• pp.899-908
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• 2004

The rise of income and introduction of 5 day a week working system give korean people opportunities to enjoy their leisure time. And many korean people have much interest in oceanic sports such as yachting and also oceanic leisure equipments. With the popularization and development of the equipments, the scope of oceanic activities has been expanding in Korea just as in the advanced oceanic countries. However, The current conditions for the sports in Korea are not advanced and even worse than underdeveloped countries. In order to develop the underdeveloped resources of Korean marina, we need to customize the marina models of advanced nations to serve the specific needs and circumstances of Korea As such we have carried out a comparative analysis of how Austrailia, Newzealand, Singapore, japan and Malaysia operate their marina, reaching the following conclusions. Firstly, in marina operations, in order to protect personal property rights and to preserve the environment, we must operate membership and non-membership, profit and non-profit schemes separately, yet without regulating the dress code entering or leaving the club house. Secondly, in order to accumulate greater value added, new sporting events should be hosted each year. There is also the need for an active use of volunteers, the generation of greater interest in yacht tourism, and the simplification of CIQ procedures for foreign yachts as well as the provision of language services. Thirdly, a permanent yacht school should be established, and classes should be taught by qualified instructors. Beginners, intermediary, and advanced learner classes should be managed separately with special emphasis on the dinghy yacht program for children. Fourthly, arrival and departure at the moorings must be regulated autonomically, and there must be systematic measures for the marina to be able, in part, to compensate for loss and damages to equipment, security and surveillance after usage fees have been paid for. Fifthly, marine safety personnel must be formed in accordance with Korea's current circumstances from civilian organizations in order to be used actively in benchmarking, rescue operations, and oceanic searches at times of disaster at sea.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.223-230
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• 2009

Purpose: Circular stapled gastrectomy has been the favored procedure with its feasibility and the shortened operative time, but anastomotic leakage, stenosis and bleeding have been reported as problems. The aim of this study was to identify what can be done to supplement the safety of this technique by examining the potential complications of performing circular stapled gastrojejunosomy after radical subtotal gastrectomy. Materials and Methods: As subjects, this study selected 1,391 patients who underwent gastrojejunostomy after radical subtotal gastrectomy because of gastric cancer at our Department of Surgery from Jan. 1998 to Dec. 2007. The patients were divided into Group I (n=479) who underwent hand-sewn gastrojejunostomy, Group II (n=48) who underwent linear stapled gastrojejunostomy and Group III (n=864) who underwent circular stapled gastrojejunostomy. Group III was re-divided into two subgroups on the basis of the point of time that a visual check was intraoperatively performed at the anastomotic site: Group III-A (n=198) before and Group III-B (n=666) after. The characteristics and complications of the patients were then compared. Results: For the comparison of the complications between Group I, Group II and Group III, anastomotic leakage was found in 7 cases (1.5%) in Group I, in 1 case (2.0%) in Group II and in 10 case (1.2%) in Group III, and anastomotic stenosis were found in 4 cases (0.8%) in Group I, 1 case (2.0%) in Group II and 5 case (0.6%) in Group III. Anastomotic bleeding was found in 32 cases (6.7%) in Group I, in 5 cases (10.4%) in Group II and in 67 cases (7.7%) in Group III. For the comparison of complications between Group III-A and Group III-B, anastomotic bleeding was found in 57 cases (28.8%) in Group III-A and 10 cases (1.5%) in Group III-B and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.037). Conclusion: Circular stapled gastrojejunostomy after radical subtotal gastrectomy is recommended because of the safety and feasibility of this technique, but bleeding at the anastomotic site may be the critical issue. In conclusion, direct inspection for bleeding at the anastomotic site during the operation will improve the safety of performing circular stapler anastomosis.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.1-34
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• 1978

On July 8, 1977, 432mm of precipitation which is the largest daily storm in Korea fell on the city of Anyang where a nearby suburban community of Seoul. Average storm intensities of 90mm per hour were recorded during the period from 1900~2200 hours on this date. Area of landslides triggered by this storm is about 96 hectares resulting from 1,876 places within about 12,600 hectares of the watershed studied. These hazards injured hundreds of human lives and took 122 human lives. Rail and highway systems were disrupted and about 30 hectares of rice paddies were washed away and hundreds of hectares were inundated. About 500 houses were destroyed. The objectives of this study are (a) to describe the problem areas, identifying critical factors causing the landslide hazards including earth and stone-debris avalanches, (b) suggest measures which might enhance the effectiveness of stabilization measures, and (c) also suggest the landslide and flood damage prevention methods from the point view of the upper-watershed conservation techniques in Anyang hollow-basin.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.220-228
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• 2017

Effects of extraction methods on reducing concentrations of pro-oxidants (total iron and protein) of salmon was determined. For development of the extraction process, the effectiveness of several extraction methods was determined and compared, including heat treatment (60, 80, and $100^{\circ}C$), ion exchange and carboxymethyl (CM)-cellulose column chromatography, and ultrafiltration (UF). Protein, total iron, and anserine contents of salmon extracts were 23.64 mg/mL, $16.20{\mu}g/mL$, and 5.47 mg/mL in non-heated extracts, 7.40 mg/mL, $2.32{\mu}g/mL$, and 5.20 mg/mL in heated extracts at $60^{\circ}C$, 7.64 mg/mL, $1.20{\mu}g/mL$, and 5.21 mg/mL at $80^{\circ}C$, and 7.04 mg/mL, $0.68{\mu}g/mL$, and 4.04 mg/mL at $100^{\circ}C$, respectively. Heating and UF decreased contents of protein and total iron, whereas only UF slightly decreased anserine content. Application of the primary ion exchange method increased the content of anserine up to 16%. Protein and total iron contents by the primary ion exchange method decreased by 70 and 98%, respectively. Secondary ion exchange (CM-cellulose) treatment after primary ion exchange and UF resulted in lower anserine content than the primary ion exchange method. However, the content of impurities (protein, total iron) was lower than in all other salmon extracts. Therefore, primary ion exchange, UF, and secondary ion exchange method were the best extraction processes in this study.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.139-148
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• 2020

Due to change in circumstances in the 2000s such as severe birthrate decline and shortened military service period, the armed forces of the Republic of Korea is currently turning to technologies and equipments from manpower, developing it to become high-tech, high-speed, and complex, resulting in an environment in which a single mistake could cause a mass mortality crisis.It is also evident that, considering aspects such as safety training curriculums and achievements of advanced countries and private education, hands-on training is a must in preventing suicides and accidents in the military, and establishing safety training centers is crucial for systematic and effective hands-on training.Soldiers who are joining the army as of now have experienced the Internet ever since they were born and easily use both virtual and augmented reality, and the current level of science and technology has developed to the point where most of the public safety experience centers are able to be replaced by virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR). Therefore, considering the aspects such as installation space, construction costs, maintenance costs, user characteristics, and education effects, other than for those trainings where real models and objects are more effective such as first aid training, it is with a strong recommendation that establishing military safety training facilities with VR/AR (Virtual and augmented reality) is a must in the coming future. We have derived the need for hands-on training by considering the development of virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR), analysis of operation status of the public safety experience centers, characteristics of military units, installation and maintenance costs, and proposed plan to establish safety training centers where effective training performance can be achieved at a lower cost than the public safety experience center. In addition, we suggested the scale of the required safety training center and the composition of the experience rooms considering the number of trainees and the environment of each military units. Given this analysis it will contribute to the prevention of military safety and suicide by building a safety training center in the future.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.361-372
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• 2016

Lahar, one of catastrophic events, has the potential to cause the loss of life and damage to infrastructure over inhabited areas. This study using Laharz_py program, was performed schematic prediction on the impact area of lahar hazards at the Mt. Halla volcano, Jeju island. In order to comprehensively address the impact of lahar for the Mt. Halla, two distinct parameters, H/L ratio and lahar volume, were selected to influence variable for Laharz_py simulation. It was carried out on the basis of numerical simulation by estimating a possible lahar volumes of 30,000, 50,000, 70,000, 100,000, 300,000, $500,000m^3$ according to H/L ratios (0.20, 0.22 and 0.25) was applied. Based on the numerical simulations, the area of the proximal hazard zone boundary is gradually decreased with increasing H/L ratio. The number of streams which affected by lahar tended to decrease with increasing H/L ratio. In the case of H/L ratio 0.20, three streams (Gwangryeong stream, Dogeun stream, Han stream) in the Jeju-si area and six streams (Gungsan stream, Hogeun stream, Seohong stream, Donghong stream, Bomok stream, Yeong stream-Hyodon stream) in the Seogwipo-si area are affected. In the case of H/L ratio 0.22, two streams (Gwangryeong stream and Han stream) in the Jeju-si area and five streams (Gungsan stream, Seohong stream, Donghong stream, Bomok stream, Yeong stream-Hyodon stream) in the Seogwipo-si area are affected. And in the case of H/L ratio 0.25, two streams (Gwangryeong stream and Han stream) in the Jeju-si area and one stream (Yeong stream-Hyodon stream) in the Seogwipo-si area are affected. The results of this study will be used as basic data to create a risk map for the direct damage that can be caused due to volcanic hazards arising from Mt. Halla.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.518-527
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• 2014

Our society is changed and diversified rapidly and such tendency is accelerated day after day and has made a lot of problems in the many fields. The important thing we have to recognize is such tendency has a bad effect recently on the safety system in Korea. So it is time to enhance the national safety system and moreover recently Sewol-ho(passenger ship) went down in the sea, it made people remind the importance of national safety system. With this incident, Korean government decided to establish the national safety communication network against the disaster. At this time, I will propose several ideas about the national safety communication network. 1. It must to be established an unified network to contact people who is on a disaster site anytime and anywhere. This is most important element on all disaster sites. 2. PS-LTE technology must to be adopted to the network because it has many advantages including various multimedia services compared to the TETRA in the past. 3. 700MHz is the most efficient band for the network because it has wide cell sites coverage compared to 1.8GHz. 4. Satellite communication system is needed to the network for back-up. 5. It will be effective to adopt Social Media to the communication network system like a Twitter or Facebook for sharing many kinds of information and notifying people of warning message. 6. It can make the network more useful to introduce the latest technology like a sensor network. And Korean government has to improve the system related to the disaster including law and operating organization.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.542-549
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• 2015

This work was carried out to evaluate the effects of preharvest 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP, $Harvista^{TM}$) and postharvest 1-MCP ($SmartFresh^{TM}$) treatments on the fruit quality attributes of cold-stored 'Fuji' ( Malus domestica Borkh.) apples. Fruits were exposed to 0, 95, 125, or $250 mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ $Harvista^{TM}$ at 3, 2, 1 weeks before harvest (WBH), and treated with 0 or $1{\mu}{\cdot}L^{-1}$ $SmartFresh^{TM}$ at harvest. Fruit was then stored for up to 180 days at $0{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. Fruit fresh weight, Hunter's value a, internal ethylene concentration (IEC), flesh firmness, titratable acidity (TA), and soluble solids content (SSC) in fruit treated with $Harvista^{TM}$ were not different from those of control fruit at harvest. During cold storage, flesh firmness and TA were higher in fruit treated with $250mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ $Harvista^{TM}$ at 2 and 3 WBH than in control fruit. IEC was 5.5-10.0% lower in fruit treated with $250mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ $Harvista^{TM}$ at 2 and 3 WBH compared with control fruit as storage duration progressed, while SSC was not affected. Furthermore, flesh firmness, TA, and IEC were affected neither by $Harvista^{TM}$ nor $Harvista^{TM}+SmartFresh^{TM}$ treatments, compared with those fruit quality attributes at harvest. The correlation maps indicated that IEC was negatively correlated with firmness and TA, regardless of $Harvista^{TM}$ application levels. In addition, positive correlations between fruit quality attributes were detected in treatments with $250mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ $Harvista^{TM}+SmartFresh^{TM}$. Therefore, the results suggest that with a single application of $SmartFresh^{TM}$, a higher level of $Harvista^{TM}$ application would help in retention of fruit quality attributes during cold storage.