• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.495-502
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• 1998

A mathematical model of viscoelasticity on the material property of human pharyngeal tissue utilizing Y.C. Fung's Quasi-linear viscoelastic theory is proposed based on cyclic load, stress relaxation, incremental load, and uniaxial tensile load tests. The material properties are characterized and compared with other biological materials' results. The mathematical model is proposed by combining two characteristic functions determined from the stress relaxation and uniaxial tensile load tests. The reduced stress relaxation function G(t) and elastic response function S(t) are obtained from stress relaxation test and uniaxial tensile load test results respectively. Then the model describing stress-time history of the tissue is implemented utilizing two functions. The proposed model is evaluated and validated by comparing the model's cyclic behaviour with experimental results. The model data could be utilized as an important information for constructing 3-dimensional biomechanical model of human pharynx using FEM(Finite Element Method).

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.143-149
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• 2005

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the significance of pH monitoring at two levels, hypopharynx and esophagus in gastroesophageal reflux. Methods: 29 patients with pathological gastroesophageal reflux were classified into two groups: Group I had recurrent respiratory symptoms and Group II had not recurrent respiratory symptoms. The ambulatory pH monitoring was performed at the hypopharynx and the esophagus simultaneously with two channel catheter for 18~24 hr. The pathological reflux was defined when the percent of time that pH was below 4.0 exceeding the 95th percentile of normal value. Hypopharyngeal reflux was defined as the pharyngeal pH drops below 4. Results: 39 patients were performed pH monitoring at the level of hypopharynx and esophagus for 24 hours. Among 7 patients with chronic respiratory symptom, 6 patients (85.7%) have pathological esophageal reflux. Among 32 patients without chronic respiratory symptom, 23 patients (71.8%) have pathological esophageal reflux. Thus 29 out of 39 patients (74%) have pathological esophageal reflux. In the Group I, all parameters except the longest episode showed significant differences between hypopharyngeal and esophageal pH monitoring. None of parameters showed significant differences between group I and II in the pharyngeal pH monitoring. Conclusion: Regardless of presence of respiratory symptoms, the pH monitoring at the pharyngeal level in patients with gastroesophageal reflux did not showed any differences compared with the esophageal pH monitoring. Therefore we may reconsider the usefulness of hypopharyngeal pH monitoring in patients with chronic respiratory symptoms.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.111-111
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• 2003

부식제 섭취로 인한 가장 흔한 합병증은 인두-식도 협착이며, 이로 인한 구강섭취 장애는 심각한 문제를 초래한다 이의 치료에 있어 기존의 수술적 치료가 소개되었으나 만족스럽지 못한 결과를 가져왔다. 부식제 섭취로 인한 인두-식도 협착에 있어 본원에서 시행한 수술적 치료 결과에 대해 알아봄으로써 향후 인두-식도 협착 치료에 도움을 주고자 하였다. 2001년 12월부터 2003년 8월까지 본원 이비인후과와 일반외과에서 부식제 섭취로 인한 인후두 및 식도의 완전협착으로 진단 받고 치료를 시행 받은 4예를 대상으로 의무기록을 통하여 술전 이학적 소견, 수술적 치료방법, 술후 합병증, 구강 섭취 시기를 후향적으로 분석하였다. 모든 환자에서 술전 내시경 검사로 인두-식도 접합부에 협착소견을 확인하였으며, 이중 경구 식이가 전혀 가능하지 못하였던 3명의 환자는 전후두인두식도 절제술 및 대장대체술 시행 하였으며, Levine- tube로 관급식이가 가능하였던 1명의 환자는 내시경적 확장술만 시행 받았다. 전 후두인두식도 절제술 및 대장대체술을 시행받은 3명의 환자 모두에서 문합부 유루, 출혈은 없었으나, 그 중 1명에서 술후 재협착으로 내시경적 확장술을 시행 받았고 이 환자를 제외한 2명의 환자에서 술후 10일과 13일에 경구섭취가 가능하였고 재협착이 있었던 환자는 술후 43일에 경구섭취가 가능하였다. 대장대체술을 시행 받았던 환자에서는 연식 이상의 식사가 가능하였으나, 내시경적 확장술을 시행 받은 환자는 관급식이만 가능하였다. 부식제 섭취에 인한 인후두 및 식도 협착에 있어 대장을 이용한 대장 대체술식을 이용하여 인두-식도 협착 치료에 좋은 결과를 얻었으며, 대장대체술은 합병증 및 구강 섭취에 있어 좋은 결과를 가져다 주는 술식으로 판단되었다.결과를 이용하여 향후 전개될 홈 네트워크 서비스 및 관련시장의 발전 방향을 전망해 보고 이에 따른 기업이나 정부차원의 대응전략을 파악하고자 한다.육구에서는 큰 변화를 나타내고 있지 않았다(p<0.05). 운동과 비운동시킨 참돔의 지질 함량의 변화는 운동시킨 참돔은 운동으로 인한 에너지 소비로 인하여 함량이 유의적으로 감소했으며(r=-0.35), 비운동사육구에서는 절식으로 인하여 지질함량이 감소하였다(r=-0.38). 파괴강도와 가장 밀접한 영향을 가지는 콜라겐은 운동과 비운동 모두 사육기간동안 큰 변화는 보이지 않았다. 초기의 파괴강도값은 1.45±0.02kg(운동사육구), 1.36±0.18kg(비운동사육구)이였으며 사육기간동안 운동사육구는 파괴강도값이 증가한 반면, 비운동수조에서는 참돔의 파괴강도는 사육기간동안 큰 유의차가 없었다. 각 성분간의 상관도를 살펴보면, 수분함량과 파괴강도는 상관성을 가졌으며, 지질함량과 파괴강도도 같은 경향은 나타내었다. 운동기간동안의 파괴강도와 콜라겐 사이에는 상관성의 거의 없었다. 이는 운동기간에 따른 파괴강도의 증가가 콜라겐의 함량의 증가보다는 지질함량의 감소와 수분함량의 증가와 같은 성분과의 상관성이 크다고 판단된다. 다음으로는, 운동횟수에 의한 영향으로써 운동시간을 1일 6시간으로 설정하여, 운동횟수를 결정하기 위하여 오전, 오후에 각 3시간씩 운동시키는 방법과 오전부터 6시간동안 운동시키는 두 방법을 이용하여 품질을 비교하였다. 각 조건에 따라 운동시킨 참돔의 수분함량을 나타낸 것으로, 2회(오전 3시간, 오후 3시간)에 나누어서 운동시키기 위한 육의 수분함량은 73.37±2.02%를 나타냈으며, 1회(6시간 운동)운동시키기 위한 육은 71.74±1.66%을 나타내었다. 각각의 운동조건에서 양식된 참돔은

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.1852-1855
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• 1997

A three-dimensional biomechanical modle is proposed in order to simulate human pharyngeal function based on the FEM(Finite Element Method) utilizing optimization procedure.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.36 no.2 s.115
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• pp.161-169
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate cephalometrically the short term static velopharyngeal changes in 25 patients (10 boys and 15 girls, aged from 5 years 9 months to 12 years 10 months in the beginning of treatment) with skeletal Class III malocclusions who underwent nonsurgical maxillary protraction therapy with a facemask. The linear, angular and ratio measurements were made on lateral cephalograms. Only the change in hard palatal plane angle was negatively correlated with the change in maxillary depth or N-perp to A (p<0.01). The change in velar angle showed a statistically significant increase (p<0.001). This change was influenced more by the soft palatal plane angle than by the hard palatal plane angle (p<0.001). The changes in soft tissue nasopharyngeal depth and hard tissue nasopharyngeal depth showed statistically significant increases (p<0.001). Correlations between the changes in soft tissue (or hard tissue) nasopharyngeal depth and the change in soft palatal plane angle were significant (p<0.05). The increase in hard palate length was statistically significant (p<0.001). The change in hard palate length was negatively correlated with the change in soft tissue nasopharyngeal depth (p<0.05). The change in need ratio S (C) showed a statistically significant increase (p<0.001). But this difference was within the normal range reported by previous studies. These findings indicate that the velopharyngeal competence was maintained even if the anatomical condition of the static velopharyngeal area were changed after maxillary protraction.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.178-185
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• 2003

Purpose : Group A streptococci(GAS) was isolated from the patients with acute pharyngitis. Epidemiological studies using T typing and emm genotyping was performed for GAS and compared with the results of the carriers. Methods : Throat cultures were taken from 246 children(123 boys, 123 girls) from November, 2001 to May, 2002 who visited a pediatrician's office located in Jinju, Gyeongnam province. T types were identified with slide agglutination and emm genotypes were identified with DNA sequencing after amplification of emm genes. Results : One hundred thirty(52.8%) out of 246 children yielded beta-hemolytic streptococci, of which 96.1% were group A. Children from 4 to 7 years old comprised 70.4% of the GAS positive group. T12 were the most common(35.2%) and T non-typeable strains were the next(30.4%). emm12 was most frequent(28.5%), and emm75(18.7%), emm22(13.0%), emm2(12.2%), and emm8(8.1%) were relatively common. Conclusion : Since GAS is so highly prevalent in acute pharyngitis, indeed being half of the population, good clinical practice dictates the systematic employment of throat culture for acute pharyngitis before prescribing antibiotics in a pediatric setting. The distribution of the T antigens and emm genes showed similar pattern between the acute pharyngitis and the carriers.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.74-82
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• 2008

Objective: This study examined the craniofacial morphology of young patients in their prepubertal stage showing class I, II malocclusion, by analyzing lateral cephalograms, and analyzed its relationship with tongue position, tongue space, and airway space in order to ascertain the effects of nasopharyngeal airway and tongue morphology on the form of the malocclusion. Methods: Seventy-six patients aging from 9 to 11 were divided into two groups depending on the ANB difference on the lateral cephalogram: Experimental group (CI II malocclusion group) showing $0{\le}ANB$ difference < 4.0; Control group (CI I malocclusion group) showing $0{\le}ANB$ difference < 4.0. The tongue space, space between palate and tongue, nasopharyngeal airway space and craniofacial morphology were compared between the two groups. Results: Tongue space, palate-tongue space, nasopharyngeal airway space showed no significant differences between class I and class II malocclusion groups. Hyperdivergent faces were associated with smaller nasopharyngeal airway space. Longer anterior facial height and posterior facial height were associated with larger tongue space, and greater anterior facial height were associated with lower tongue position. Smaller nasopharyngeal airway space showed smaller tongue space. Conclusions: Tongue space and nasopharyngeal airway space showed no significant differences between class I malocclusion group and class II malocclusion group. Only anterior facial height and posterior facial height had an influence on tongue space and nasopharyngeal airway space.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1982.05a
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• pp.7.4-8
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• 1982

The common causes of neck closed injuries are automobile accidents and sports troubles; open injuries are gun-shot wounds and stab wounds. Generally, the treatment of wide laryngopharyngeal injuries consists of tracheostomy for adequate airway, simple repair and, later, surgical intervention for chronic laryngeal stenosis and hypopharyngeal reconstruction. Recently, authors experienced a case of extensive communicated wound with large defect on the layngopharyngeal structures and anterior neck skin. This large defect was reconstructed with horizontal cervical skin flap after total laryngectomy.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.53-56
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• 2017

Pharyngocutaneous fistula is one of the most common wound complications after total laryngectomy. The leakage of saliva may cause an erosion of greater vessels nearby and result in a life-threatening bleeding. 65-year-old male received laryngectomy and pharyngectomy followed by Latissimus dorsi flap reconstruction due to recurred laryngeal cancer with oropharyngeal extension after postoperative radiotherapy. Pharyngeal fistula was developed and an excessive fresh blood flowed through the oral and nasal cavity. The patient was transferred to the operating room immediately, and the causing artery was ligated. The rupture of the common carotid artery and its branches should be warned when the pharyngocutaneous fistula is developed. Prompt and proper therapy must be performed for the patients with impending or acute hemorrhage.

• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.11 no.2 s.22
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• pp.10-15
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• 2005

식도와 인두 재건은 연하작용을 원활하게하고 발선기능을 보존하면서 위험부담이 가장 절은 술식을 선택하는 것이 원칙이다. 술식의 선택에 고려되어야 할 주요 인자는 결손부위의 크기, 창상의 상태, 술전 방사선치료 여부, 환자의 전신상태 등이다. 부분인두결손에는 유경근피판(pedicled myocutaneous flap)이나 유리피판이 적합하며 방사선 치료를 받은 경우는 유리피판이 유리하다. 흉곽입구 상부에 국한된 인두와 식도의 전체둘레결손에는 전완부, 외측 대퇴부, 공장의 유리피판이 좋다. 전완부는 피판이 다루기 쉽다는 장점이 있지만 공여부에 합병증이나 미용상의 문제가 있고 외측 대퇴부는 공여부의 문제는 매우 적으나 피판의 사용이 전완부에 비하여 약간 제한적이다. 공장은 허혈에 약하고 공여부 합병증이 다른 피판에 비해 불리하다. 저자의 경험으로는 흉곽상부에 국한된 결손의 재건에 환자가 비만하거나 대퇴부에 털이 많은 경우는 전완부 유리피판이 좋고 그렇지 않으면 외측 대퇴부 유리피판을 선택하는 것이 좋다고 생각된다. 흉곽입구 하방까지 연장된 결손이나 식도전적출술로 인한 결손에는 위전위술이 가장 적합하다. 방사선치료 등으로 창상에 혈관보호가 요구되는 경우는 대흉근피판이 유용하다. 앞으로 새로운 재건술의 개발이 이어지겠지만 모든 환자에게 맞는 이상적인 재건술은 없다. 재건술마다의 장단점과 제약점을 파악하고 환자의 조건에 따라 가장 적절한 재건술을 선택하는 것이 중요하다.