• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.67-80
• /
• 1973

발전이란 말은 한 국가나 사회가 교육적, 경제적, 사회문화적 및 정치적으로 안정된 기조를 확립하여 국민 전체가 생을 영위함에 있어서 경제적으로 부족함이 없이 윤택하고 각종 사회적 제도가 참 삶을 추구할 수 있는 방향으로 변천되어 가는 과정을 뜻한다. 본 연구는 발전과 번영을 위해 약진하고 있는 대한민국의 최근 20년간의 발전과정 (1950년부터 1970년까지)을 경제적측면과 교육적 측면에서 미국의 것과를 비교하기 위하여 유네스코 통계 연감에 의하여 그 자료를 분석 검토하였다. 본 연구에서 한국은 경제성장율이 늘어남에 따라서 교육비 투자가 증가되었고 따라서 초등교육과정은 1965년도에서부터 취학율이 100%를 상회하게 되었으나 중등교육은 1968년도에 취학율이 겨우 36%로 아직도 저조하며 여학생 취학율은 초등교육에서 는 남녀 의 차이 가 없으나 중등교육에서는 1/3선으로 떨어지고 있으며 특히 여선생님의 남선생님에 대한 비율은 중등교육과정에서 걱우 14%밖에 안되고 인구 10만당 대학졸업생수는 1968년을 기준으로 볼 때 계속 증가되어 왔으나 미국이 3,735명(그중 40%는 여학생임)인데 비하여 한국은 566명 (여학생은 26%)으로 고등교육의 혜택을 받는 율이 아직도 미국에 비해서 낮고 초등교육과정에서 학생과 선생님의 비율을 보면은 한국은 60 : 1 인데 비하여 미국은 26 : 1로써 미국보다 높고 따라서 한국은 교직원 부족과 시설미비, 농촌과 도시간의 차이 및 고등교육 혜택의 불균형 및 여성교육의 기회가 남성에 비해 낮고 해외 유학의 경우 본국 귀환율이 적어서 지도자 양성이 문제되고 있다. 그러나 한국은 1960년대에 급격한 경제성장과 함께 교육투자도 증가되었고 따라서 발전을 거듭하여 계속하고 있다.

• Korea journal of population studies
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.182-227
• /
• 1998

Korean government decided to adopt an explicit population control policy in 1961 and from the following year the establishment and operation of the national family planning programme was included in each of the Five-Year Economic Development Plans that began in 1962. This policy was pursued in the understanding that without proper population control measures korea could not be able to achieve economic development. Korean national family planning programme is characterized by contraceptive target system through public health network with distribution of free contraceptives by family planning field workers and clinical contraceptive services such as IUD, vasectomy and tubaligation at designated clinics by the government. In addition, IE&C activities by the Planned Parenthood Federation of Korea and programme evaluation and research by the Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs contributed to the development of the government programme. Between 1960 and mid 1980s the nation's total fertility rate was reduced from 6.0 to population replacement level of 2.1 and thereafter it has been maintained at 1.6 to 1.7 of below replacement level. With a short period of less than three decades fertility transition was completed in Korea. It is estimated that if the current level of below replacement fertility continues, the population in Korea stabilize at around 52.78 million people by the year 2028, and it will begin to decrease thereafter. Under this circumstances, the government adopted new directions and strategies of the population policy in June 1996, focused primarily on population quality and social welfare than on demographic arenas. In spite of over 80 percent of high contraceptive prevalence among married women, high incidence of induced abortions is maintained. Moreover, the prevalence of sex selective induced abortions using procedures to determine the sex of the fetus has resulted in an imbalance in the sex ratio at birth. In order to overcome those problems associated with reproductive health new policy for population quality control and health promotion programme should be highly strengthened in the future.

• Korea journal of population studies
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.5-25
• /
• 1997

The historical study reveals that our ancestors had maintained a system which could produce data on the number of population and households as well as on their characteristics. For example, such data on age structure of the population, number of births, number of deaths by age & sex, number of in & out migrants were found in an historical document for the year 755. The main purposes of maintaining the system at that time were taxation and conscription. As the system evolves, another function of identifying the legal status of people was also added. Looking into the figures for those days reveals that ommission rates of the number of population and households were high. Thus, in an effort to obtain a reliable data, the annual population survey system was introduced as of 1 September 1896. This date is now cerebrated as the Statistics Day. Since then, the survey system has been diversified. At the present time, there are three major data sources which produce the statistics on population and households: Civil Registration System (vital statistics), Resident Registratiton System (migration statistics) and Population Census. However, these three systems are found to have some problems to produce the accurate data. There are some inherent problems in the registration systems such as problems in its coverage, accuracies in contents and timeliness in reporting the vital events and publishing the results. The population census has also non-sampling errors such as errors in coverage, response and non-response. Apart from the above mentioned problems, there are also conflicting problems arised from having different three data source. We can find some overlapping problems in laws and difficulties in comparative studies between regions. In the future, these problems should be taken into consideration for the improvement of the quality of statistics on population and households.

• Korea journal of population studies
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.101-130
• /
• 2012

This study examines mortality change in North Korea and its association with state production and welfare systems. Two main subjects are analyzed. The first theme is to examine the reliability of mortality related data released by North Korea government authorities. Examining inner consistencies among mortality related statistics and comparing with mortality trends in other socialist societies, the study finds that mortality rate was under estimated. Under-estimation of mortality by North Korean authorities is regarded to result not only from political purpose which aims to propagate the regime's superiority but also from enumeration errors of vital statistics based on the residence registration. The second theme is to estimate the change in mortality of North Korean people since the establishment of DPRK, correcting errors of mortality data. Mortality of North Korean people is estimated to have improved largely by the early 1970s, to have been sluggish hereafter, and finally to have increased during the economic hardship period between 1993 and 2008. While large people died during the food crisis in the late 1990s, however the population loss caused by mortality increase was not so great as the proposition of the huge starvation was expected. It is partly because population turbulence occurred not just by mortality increase, rather it has progressed in the joint effects of fertility decline and exodus of North Korean people for food. It is also due to North Korean people's voluntary activities of informal economy. It is also worth noting the high mortality rate of North Korean men. The high mortality of North Korean men is likely due to men's mobilization for long time in army and labor with high risk of accident and their life styles.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.72-82
• /
• 2013

This study was done for analyzing processes on the planning and opening of chronological urban parks in Daegu City since the 1960s, and for interpreting the social meaning on changes of the urban parks with regards to historical circumstances during that period. In the 1960s, urban parks, which were recognized as one of urban planning facilities, were only designated for creating rather than created, although nationally several laws including urban planning act and park act were newly legislated. Rapid urbanization and increasing population in the 1970s led to create many urban parks. However, the policy for increasing parks had been not successful because of the lack of enough funds. In the 1980s, multi-purpose urban parks including stable area as well as active facilities were created for getting several attractions to urban residents. During this period, urban parks were recognized on an aesthetic perspective through vegetating plans on the city-beautiful movement for hosting consecutive international games. The citizen participation in urban parks and the increasing concern about urban environment were started in the 1990s, and the people living in an urban area were interested in the quantitative expansion and qualified renovation of the urban parks as well. Finally, modernistic urban parks were first introduced in the late period of Chosun Dynasty, however their substantial introduction was done in the 1960s. Through this study, the concept of an urban park as a public resting place for citizen in Daegu was thought to be mostly established in the 1990s as we have investigated on the social meaning derived from the periodical changes of urban parks.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.57 no.1
• /
• pp.20-25
• /
• 1982

This study was carried out to investigate the changes of forest land use around Tae Kwan Ryoung region during 15 years, by using the aerial photographs in 1965 and 1980 respectively. the results are summarized as follows: 1) The areas of forest land and farm land has been decreased, while the grass land increased as 3 times. It is because that the site of Tae Kwan ryoung region was suitable for livestock breeding and the wide grass lands were developed. 2) With a view to forest land use, it is desirable to convert the forest land into grass land and farm Land. But it should be considered the fact that most of the farm land was converted into forest land, in the utilization of forest land in future. 3) Due to the development of industries such as livestock breeding and leisure industry, there is a great increase in the dwelling houses, stalls, public building and habitants in this region. Therefore, in future we should establish the plans of forest land use synthetically and efficiently, considering the promotion of indirect utilities such as soil conservation, recreation and environmental protection as well as timber production.

• Korea journal of population studies
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.163-192
• /
• 2002

Residential overcrowding, also called density, measured as more than one person per room, is a important variable as a principal indicator of inadequate housing. We investigated how immigrants in the US are assimilated to the host society through a lens of housing density. We estimated the probability of living in overcrowded housing of Korean, Chinese and Japanese immigrants armored with the 1980 and 1990 Public Use Microdata Sample(PUMS, A, 5%) in the US. Along with economic effects, we also consider life-cycle effects on the indicator. We applied "double cohort" method that enables duration of immigration effects to be separated from aging effects, which captures family size fluctuations due to life-cycle effects. The study found that cohort trends sharply changed during 10years. The 1970's immigrants are more likely to live in overcrowded housing than the pre-1970 immigrants. The pre-1970 immigrants are more likely to live in overcrowded housing than native-born persons. This may be explained by different assimilation processes driven by the disparities of individual human capitals or cultural differences among the ethnic groups. Especially, Korean experienced a sharp decline in overcrowding between 1980 and 1990. We also found that the major determinants that affect the level of housing density are years since migration, income, and gender. The present study concluded with some future studies related to the Korean immigrants abroad.ts abroad.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.12 no.7
• /
• pp.169-175
• /
• 2012

It is the fact that crime has always co-existed with human history;that preventive measures have always been taken while it has been transformed and developed in some forms. We, in the meantime;should not be negligent in the matter that our preventive measures are rather short sighted, and non strategic in many ways. Now then, would we be able to question, if our modern crime preventive measures have been modernized and become more strategic? Certain point has been raised to myself;especially regarding (community oriented policing cop); this has been one of the strategic crime preventive measures co-performed by the central police;Jeju-special independent province maybe an appropriate example; which has become special self rule province in July, 2007; establishing not only independant police but also have established police station addition to already existing police stations. To proof my opinion; I have tried to compare and contrast the statistics of the crime rates and types of the Jeju area before and after the establishment of the self police and police station; also to see how patterns changed.(if there has been any.) I have also tried to analyse if there is any special type of crime statistics in Jeju province, by analysing current crimes in accordance to populations. Altough it has not much reached my initial expectations, I hope it still is meaningful to have been able to show some ways to prevent crimes in Jeju-strategically.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
• /
• v.13 no.5
• /
• pp.327-332
• /
• 2022

In the age of population cliff, an aggressive entrance exam strategy for the development of excellent human resources for beauty is very important for the survival of beauty departments and universities. Therefore, for the purpose of in-depth trend analysis of department names and affiliated departments that reflect department characteristics as well as external department promotion tools, we investigated and analyzed department affiliated departments and department titles in 2020 targeting the Beauty Department of Central University. As a result of the study, the departments belonging to each of the four regions had the most beauty arts department (28.57%) and health department (50.00%). In Daejeon, beauty design (37.5%) was the most, and in Chungcheong, beauty care, beauty cosmetics, and medical beauty care (11.11%) were the most. Through this study, it will be possible to analyze the overall characterization trend of the Department of Beauty, and it will be used as an important basic data to suggest the future direction of the department when the departments are merged or separated in the future. In addition, I believe that it will provide a foothold for follow-up research on the curriculum for each department or the change of department name by year.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.40 no.6
• /
• pp.112-126
• /
• 2012

The theme is to analyze the time-series changes of design elements on golf courses and golf country club and its factors influencing to the changes with regard to 81-membership country club located in the Capital Area of Seoul, created in the periods from 1964 until 2011. The research methods is to analyze the time-series changes of environmental factors influencing to the changes of the elements on the golf course by book review, and to compare and speculate the results of the analysis on the environmental factors with the time-series changes on the golf course elements of statistical analysis as like regression analysis. The research results were as follows. The first, the environmental factors influencing to the change of golf course elements were analyzed as the five elements of the golf-related policies and regulations, the economy, the numbers of golfers, PGA and KPGA golf tournaments, the golf instruments. The second, the type and scale of the location of the golf course were showing trends of transformation from flat ground to mountainous one and from small scale to large one. The third, it was analyzed that he golf course elements as like the sizes, length, numbers of golf course elements as like fairway, green, bunker, teeing ground and pond were influenced by the law and regulation, the increase of amateur golfers, the promotion of techniques of golfers, the increase of the chance of foreign course designer's involvement to domestic market through the opening of PGA and KPGA tournaments etc. The fourth, the promotion of golf instruments and the flying distance were the factors influencing to the numbers of bunker, the lengths of holes. The fifth, it was revealed that the trends of increase of sizes of ponds influenced by enacting environmenal friendly laws and regulations, considering of landscaping, reflecting of design trends followed by the opening of PGA tournaments. Finally, it was proposed that the further research would be introduced with regard to the qualitative analysis onto the changes and influential factors of golf course design.